Digital Object Identifier Norman Paskin International DOI Foundation

Digital Object Identifier Norman Paskin, International DOI Foundation doi>

Overview of presentation • • doi> What is DOI? What is International DOI Foundation? Applications Where we are now

Background doi> • Trade in intellectual property represents over 5% of the world’s traded economy, and this proportion is increasing. • This trade is increasingly in rights, digital files, and other intangible items which are not covered by the EAN-UCC system. e-commerce of e-goods and physical goods • The DOI System, developed by the content industries through an independent International DOI Foundation (IDF), is an existing, proven system which provides this functionality on the internet • Developed by and for the content supply chain • Business opportunities: services about rights and related data in existing traded items; synergies for linkage of identified items to information; opportunities for trading in currently non-traded items

DOI doi> • Identify e-goods which are traded by e-commerce (intellectual property) – – – To manage it, must identify it To use in a supply chain, must make information about it available Must be reliable: persistent Must work with existing systems: interoperable Must not be tied to one technology, sector, business model, etc • Proven, successful – Theory: consistent data model – Practice: > 10 million, services rely on it • Use of well-developed standards: Handle, indecs • No competition – Active area: URI, URN, PURL, Open. URL, XRI… – DOI leads: no other as well specified and proven in practice • No threat – Not-for-profit organisation – Franchised system to variety of authorised agencies

Numbering scheme Policies doi> Description by structured metadata Internet Resolution

DOI syntax can include any existing identifier, formal or informal, of any entity • An identifier “container” e. g. – 10. 1234/5678 – 10. 5678/978 -0 -7645 -4889 -4 – 10. 2224/2003 -12 -02 -PLS-DOI • First class object: name – Non-semantic • Persistent

• Resolve from DOI to multiple data: – – – Location (URL) – persistence Multiple locations Metadata Services Extensible: new types • Handle system - Granularity - Scalability - Administrative delegation - Security - etc - Kahn (internet) Handle resolution allows a DOI to link to any & multiple pieces of current data

Internet Registries doi> “the Handle System … offers both better technology and lessons-learned governance. . . but lacks the visibility of the DNS, which is an order of magnitude larger in the number of things registered…But there is now a broader, outwardfacing implementation, overseen by the International DOI Foundation” Esther Dyson, Release 1. 0: "Online Registries: The DNS and Beyond. . . " September 2003 http: //dx. doi. org/10. 1340/309 registries

• Metadata • Necessary for interoperability – “Enabling information that originates in one context to be used in another in ways that are as highly automated as possible”. • Able to use existing metadata – Mapped using standard dictionary • Providing a standard way of accessing and using the object <indecs> framework: DOI can describe any form of intellectual property, at any level of granularity – DOI Applications, Services • Indecs = interoperability of data in e commerce systems – Adopted by ISO MPEG etc

DOI policies allow any business model for practical implementations • Implementation • Business model – Governance and agreed scope, policy, rules – Cost-recovery (self-sustaining) – Registration agencies (cf EAN, ISBN, Visa) • Each can develop own applications, services, sector rules, business model, fees, metadata etc

doi> • • What is DOI? What is International DOI Foundation? Applications Where we are now

IDF • Current Members: 34 (including PLS) • 7 Registration Agencies so far – – – – Cross. Ref (International) Content Directions Inc (US) Enpia (Korea) TSO (UK) MEDRA (Spain/Germany/Italy/France) Learning Objects Network (US) Copyright Agency Ltd (Australia) + 4 others in process at present doi>

Self-sustaining doi> Conversion from membership support to operational support: Year 1999 A 2000 A 2001 A 2002 A 2003 LE 2004 F 2005 F Number of RAs (end year) 0 1 3 6 7 8 14 %of revenues RAs 0 <10 20 37 45 51 63

doi> • • What is DOI? What is International DOI Foundation? Applications Where we are now

Journal articles • Cross. Ref: first and still biggest application • doi> 245 publishers, 145 libraries, etc. ; replacing thousands of bilateral agreements • 10 millionth DOI (August 2003) was a Cross. Ref one

Government documents • • doi> TSO: UK Official Publications now have DOIs EC: Office of Publications: from 2004 OECD: all publications, tables, etc DOD (with LON): – "The Department of Defense is implementing the advanced Knowledge Resource System to link together heterogeneous repositories of content and we find the DOI to provide unique capabilities that are essential to the system and the overall architecture. I would recommend. . . the unique functionality of the DOI for government architecture. " – Leslye Mc. Dade-Morrison, Office of the Chancellor for Education and Professional Development, U. S. Department of Defense, August 2003 • Collaborating with CENDI etc

Libraries doi> • National Libraries joined IDF: – CENL (41 countries) with “gatekeepers” BL, KB, DB • Digital Library Federation – Collaboration on “appropriate copy” (localisation) • DOIs for Data: – German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB), the world's largest library of science and technology. – Major project funded by DFG: use of DOIs to persistently identify scientific data sets. IDF Press Release Sept 15

DOIs and EPC (Electronic Product Codes) • • doi> The EAN. UCC system – – analogy and a model for DOI. identifies traded tangible entities EAN bar codes are the main current product Auto. ID and RFID will be future products: linked to internet Seybold San Francisco conference survey: “many benefits of print/electronic integration [. . . ] are yet to be realized… Only 16 percent of the companies used content management systems to re-purpose content from print publications for the Internet. The transition is in many cases still done manually with the publishing process showing a great lack of automated systems. ”

doi> • • What is DOI? What is International DOI Foundation? Applications Where we are now

2003 Summary doi> • Practical, successful, implementation of naming objects – Over 10 million DOIs • New applications blossoming – Government, data, etc • Sound template for advanced applications: multiple resolution + metadata – Practical implementations underway • Becoming more understood and accepted in the emerging “identification and metadata” issues • Linkage with other standards: – MPEG RDD, Open. URL, etc • Linkage with practical activities: – publishers, libraries, EAN…

• Summary of DOI progress • D-Lib magazine, June 2003 – DOI: 10. 1045/june 2003 -paskin – www. dlib. org

How it all fits… Entities such as: parties doi> abstractions Companies, libraries, authors, publishers etc. Vanity Fair, Beethovens Fifth, etc manifestations (“products”) Books, CDs, DVDs, pdf files, MP 3 files, etc. licences etc… Licence from OUP to MIT #3456, etc.

Data model/ontology e. g. FRBR; indecs> Defines entities to be identified Entities such as: parties abstractions Have identifiers e. g. ISO: e. g. non-ISO: ISIL IPI manifestations (“products”) ISTC, ISWC etc… ISBN, ISSN, ISAN PII licences SICI e. g. DOI associated by internal databases or global resolution to Matching e. g. Inter. Party structured metadata Product information exchange formats e. g. ONIX, PRISM products e. g. indecs. DD in common dictionary allows resolution to Public services about identified entities: global, interoperable e. g. DOI

doi> n. paskin@doi. org www. doi. org