Digital Immigrants Digital Natives The Information Age

Digital Immigrants Digital Natives & The Information Age Fred Stein and Many others fstein@mitre. org Case # 07 -1050 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. © 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved

Digital Immigrants Dilemma j. Seems to Happen all the time to me New Cameras, New Software, New Ideas 2 Case # 07 -1050 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. © 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved

The Digital Native is Born – 1980 - 1985 They are on the Front Line 23 to 28 Taught 10 yr after LOGO in 1 st Elementa Consumer ry school Computer 1994 1985 3 rd Generation Video games Super Mario 1969 ARPANET is born 1985 1990 Windo CERN ws 1. 0 researcher conceives the “web” Enters Middle School; Uses AOL for homework 1996 Enters HS Shares MP 3 s on Napster 2000 HS Grad Started Secon You. Tub Web is Gifts: online d Job; e; primary i. Pod andbanking Joined Switche source Camera & Match d to of news Phone Bill pay. com Google 2000 2003 2004 Maps 2006 4 th Generation Video games Everquest 5 th Generation Video games Grand Theft Auto Fourth Job; GPS in car, HD TV, Xbox 360 2007 6 th Generation Video games Halo 3 2004 2007 2002 1994 1996 1999 2001 2004 Second Web 2. 0 Shopping DSL and Web 1. 0 10, 000 - Interne My. Space Browser Facebook t malls Cable “Dot player Wikipedia Wars One arrive on modems; Com”; online exceed Laptop s the net; e. Bay Yahoo video per Child 170 secure games million cybercash 3 hosts Jay Crossler MITRE &Lee Rainie, Pew Internet & American Life Project © 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved

Pacing Ideas – Exploiting Information Age n n n n n Openness – Make boundaries Porous – “IP” must be shared Peering – Allow Self Organization – Social networking / Social Bookmarks Sharing – Allow Encourage Peer to peer exchanges Establish Incentives - Reduce Disincentives Act Globally – Exploit Locally – Use the Information Domain Create and Exploit COIs Participatory Structure for Networks – Manage and Fight Networks MUST BE ABLE TO SEE THEM Understand Evolving Technologies and Look to Incorporate them - Make Advanced Technology work with Low Tech – Can we make Web Two tech work in the Military ? Contribution Increase when all can see Higher Goals “ Why Generation” Communications is SOCIAL – People still rule 4 Case # 07 -1050 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. © 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved

Global Trends Or it is a Personnel Trainer Video receiver Industrial Age Audio storehouse Personnel locator Parental Oversight? ? n Success = Scale More…. n Top Down – Centralized Traditional Hierarchy Phone Camera Organization Right Format n Information Hoarding Networked n Local Awareness n n Arms Length Relationships • • Digital Camera Right Format Not Networked Information n Age Success = Scale and Complexity Film n Empowering the “Edges” Camera Wrong. Hybrid Organization n Format Not Networked n Information Sharing n Shared Awareness n Collaboration & Synchronization New Behaviors New Relationships New Competencies New Technologies 5 Case # 07 -1050 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. © 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved

Industrial Age to the Information Age Characterized by n n Orders of Magnitude more Interfaces (technically) – More machines talk to more machines, more data bases to more data bases Machines – Connectivity - Machine Transformation People – Connectiveness Orders of Magnitude more people “talk” to more and Connectiveness Collaboration different people, more informal-organizations are formed both within and between traditional organizations – its all about Interconnectivity Connectiveness – Peering – Contributing not just retrieving n All of these changes are taking place an environment of Increasing Velocity of Change Industrial Age Information Age In less than one decade 6 Case # 07 -1050 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. © 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved

Theme I: The Since 1999 …. Digital Divide Gaming Smart Phone Powerpoint BLOG Digital Immigrants More than a cultural phenomenon • Impacts Operations becomes Surrogate C 2 VTC Chat/Instant Messaging • Intelligence collection/distribution Old World New Cyber World. Cell Phone Voice Shared Application Email ipod 7 © 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved

The New Reference Material The Emerging Theory of War Globalization and Electrons vs Atoms Killer Apps – Spreadsheet – PC Router – Internet one Browser – Web one Wireless – Internet two WIKI etc Web two Next? Old Web is a Newspaper Read by Digital Immigrants > 26 yr old New Web is a Coffee Shop < 25 yr old 8 Case # 07 -1050 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. © 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved

Formation of Communities or Interest (COI) Old ones now connected New ones formed SO WHAT What effect on Staff Functions? Organization? C 2? RSS News Feed Water Cooler / Virtual Water Cooler Key to Reach back? Do you IM? What is Social Bookmarking ? Culture of Sharing! SO WHAT AGAIN? 9 © 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved

The Digital Immigrant – Digital Native Where are you on the digital immigrant to native continuum? D i g i ta l I m m i g r a n ts Portable MP 3 Player Connecte d to the Web Struggling Assumes and Demands “Connectiveness” with the Is Comfortable with and Demands concept of email vs Mobile Social Software “snail” mail Is clueless about WIKIs and Why Blog? Wireless Picture TV phones Instant Connectivity Why do DN like Social Networks? Why do DN use Social Bookmarks ? • Uses Mashups to customize his information • Uses “Pipes “ to customize applications. Uses RSS to make the web personnel Wireless phone That are becoming the computer Email, Web IM. Video etc Wireless Totally wired…. . handheld …totally digital computer …able to multi-task… with maps Digital …totally mobile (data, video, voice). . . doesn’t know what “LP” or “vinyl” Case # 07 -1050 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. means i Native 10 © 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved

Digital Citizenship Test 1. Can you read this? “kdz n colle. G? ms em? U 2 cn lrn txt. N” 2. Do you (not your kids or grandkids) own an ipod? 3. Have you tried out a Wii? What game to you like the best? Naturalized 4. Do you use a smart phone (ie, email, video, photos …)? Immigrant Citizen 5. Do. Fossils Do you Blog? What do you learn from it? you IM? Native 6. Do you know who “Lonely Girl 15” is? 7. Can you name 3 popular ways to watch TV shows without a TV? 0 -1 2 -7 8. Have you ever Wi. Fi’d in Starbucks? 8 -10 11 -12 9. Do you know the importance of “mashup” sites? Have you competed in a Mash Up competition? 10. What does MID mean? 11. What is more collaborative Sharepoint or Wiki and what is the difference? 11 Case # 07 -1050 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. © 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved

Leadership : Digital Natives and Immigrants n n n Senior Leaders …. “digital immigrants” ac Need Junior Leaders …. “ digital natives” hie ve to cit Digital immigrants are making strategic decisions on technologyd Need to Empower the TH izens igital Digital Natives are changing the nature of our wars Natives HO EN W hip! The global insurgency is leveraging digital technologies H W DO AT EX PL WE OIT IT CERTIFICATE OF DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP 12 Case # 07 -1050 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. © 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved

Transformation What impact does this have on Warfare? n Some missions remain the same but face new challenges – Ground Superiority – SA and BFT – Logistical support – SA – ISR – New missions F 22 / F 35 taking place All missions are n Some missions are becoming more important in both the Physical and – Information Operations Cyber Domain n Public Affairs Civil Affairs Some are new missions – – Network security Cyber security Network attack Cyber attack Electromagnetic Spectrum EM Ops Electronic Systems Cross Domain Ops Offensive Defensive Networks Infrastructure Net ops Cyber. Space 13 Case # 07 -1050 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. © 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved

Changing Tactical Environment n The target set that leads to victory has enlarged – Now both Kinetic, Non Kinetic / Cyber n New target sets – now include homeland infrastructure – Finance – Power, etc n Much shorter Physicalto execute loop” to Cyber “order Domain NOW Tied – Shorter due to information to Virtual Domain Tied What weapon --- C 2 and – Shorter due to type of impacts on cyber C 2 + n ( Command Control. Command & Control has changed Collaboration and Coordination) – Commanders “see” more – may be good or bad – Commanders may be executors - Cyber n n n The capacity to communicate has exploded New COP – Maybe UCOP / Demassifcation of Information What is the COP now ? Both sides are using the “net” – Both Sides have are becoming part of the “Net Generation / Digital babies…” Case # 07 -1050 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. 14 © 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved

2007 UDOP What is it? Who controls it? Who Inputs to it? Enemy Activity Power Distribution What Impact on C 2 Digital Native wants to contribute to. C 2 + – not the COP just use it. Intelligence Are we providing the tools? Doctrine Training Sadri City Example Sewage 15 © 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved

What are the Organizational Structures Support Net Enabled Warfare Our Opponents Loose Organizations Very Agile Us Data / Information WEB Larger - Formal Less Flexible Movement to hybrid organization responsive to full spectrum combat Word of Mouth, Cell, Email Chat, IM …. Starfish (Brafman and Besckstron) No head - Regenerates Internet Intranet NIPR / SIPR JWICS Vs. Spider. Fish Formal staffing, Email Spider Single Head - Dies 16 Case # 07 -1050 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. © 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved

Task Organization XX X 2 1 X X (-) 10 256 X 40 39 5 3 2 X x X L X 4 ING (+) 1 -69 1 -12 3 -156 2 -15 199 (-) BAGHDAD DEFENDERS II 215 L 112 ING II L 301 x II 41 L 302 ING L DISCOM (-) 27 L ING 312 MI (-) 15 X 75 X ING II L 1 -141 1 -303 IIF MP 303 X (-) ING TACON ING II Case # 07 -1050 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. Base Defense 103 304 L (-) L AL AMARA II 2/2 POB 307 304 L ING II 2 II L 306 304 2 -82 210 L II 8 • • (-) EOD GS II 515 PROV 1 -206 15 4 -5 X 305 39 3 -325 (-) 115 SDD 2 -24 91 (+) 1 -82 615 E 1088 (-) 2 -7 II 1 -161 E 1 -41 20 (+) 2 -227 1 -21 3 -82 (-) 411 612 (+) (-) 1 -153 353 1 -227 2 -162 2 -12 (-) (+) 3 -153 1 -7 3 -8 2 -156 (-) E 4 -31 2 -8 1 -5 E 1 -156 E 2 -14 2 -5 1 -8 1 -9 (-) PS 13 (-) 15 CA 443 FIN (-) 545 I 307 (-) MP MPAD COM CAM 12 US Brigade-sized elements 62 US Battalions 322 US Companies 3 Iraqi Brigades 17 11 © 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved Iraqi Battalions 58 Iraqi Companies

What is the Agility Scale -- How do we Engineer and Design to Allow it How agile are your systems ? Where are you on the scale? What are your feedback loops ? 25 Case # 07 -1050 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. © 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved

Our Environment -- Our Challenges Social Domain Cultural Awareness Conveyed Commander’s Intent Cognitive Domain Cognitive Advantage Shared Awareness Information Domain Information Advantage Plan, Organize, Deploy, Employ and Sustain Cycle Compressed Operations Network Centric Operations Precision Force Physical and Cyber Domain Force Advantage Position Advantage 26 Speed and Access © 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved

Our Environment -- Our Challenges Our Reality - Combat Server in Fallujah Social Domain Cultural Awareness Conveyed Commander’s Intent Cognitive Domain Cognitive Advantage Shared Awareness Information Domain Information Advantage Plan, Organize, Deploy, Employ and Sustain Cycle Compressed Operations Network Centric Operations Precision Force Physical and Cyber Domain Force Advantage Position Advantage 27 Speed and Access © 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved

Questions “Soldiers can go Weeks without food, Days without Water, but only Minutes without Data” No Warrior Fights Alone 29 Case # 07 -1050 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. © 2007 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved