Digital ecosystems and regional innovation systems as public goods for economic development Olga Memedovic UNIDO, Private Sector Development Branch Brussels, 7 November 2007 o. memedovic@unido. org
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Contemporary Globalization and its Drivers Advances in ICT; organizational innovations; internationally accepted product standards and business process protocols Liberal trade and investment regimes have created incentives for Modularization in all stages of a production value chain Outsourcing of the segmented activities to specialized producers in different locations around world Functional reintegration of the geographically dispersed fragmented activities into new border-spanning business arrangements of global value chains (GVCs) and production networks; TNCs have a key role in organizing and coordinating these new business formation of global value chains and networks ICT application in transport, supply chain management and logistics
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION The effects: New concept of industry: from linear to interactive VC; Vertical specialization; No clear division between manufacturing and services; Offshoring and outsourcing in R&D: transition from an intra-firm knowledge base to an distributed intra. GVC/GPNs knowledge base Consumption /after sales Marketing and sales Consumption, Disposal and Recycling Marketing and Sales Outbound Logistics Manufacturing Design and product development; in house R&D Inbound Logistics Design and Product Development; R&D offshoring Source: Memedovic, 2002, 2005, UNIDO
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION GVCs and GPNs GVC 1 GPN 1 Keystone: BMW, Fiat, Reno Capitalintensive Manufact. Logistics' VC GPN 2 GVC 2 Branding & marketing Keystone: : large buyers, retailers: Zara; H&M
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Implications q. Pressures for specialization and increased interdependences ØModularisation leads to commoditization of technological knowledge ⇨ the way out is innovation ⇨ the company concept changes into an continuous innovator as competition drivers change: from efficiency and effectiveness to continuous innovation and learning ØIdeas and how to commercialise them become key resources for the knowledge-based economy ØTechnological advances in activities must co-evolve and complement each other for the system to function as a whole ⇨ Many technologies are used to create a product q Intra-GVC knowledge flows takes place between industries and countries/regions with different degrees of R&D-intensity ØConceptual distinction between high- and low-tech industries is weakened Ø Regional knowledge capabilities begin to determine business location: Countries compete based on their unique regional competitive advantages: GE in Bangalore, Microsoft in Beijin. q. Tendency for coordination of production processes without ownership ØProduction coordination is achieved through shared vision q Innovation is becoming more expensive and complex ⇨ Increasing demand for undertaking more complex tasks in production and in management and for higher rates of innovation and at lower prices ⇨shift to open innovation model
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Traditional corporate laboratories increasingly closed or downsized: companies offshore and outsource R&D functions (Pharmaceutical firms outsource 50% of their R&D) Closed innovation model Open innovation model q Firms select desired q Strategic R&D – integral to business q q q technologies Firms perform R&D in-house Firms put technologies in products Product revenues fund additional R&D Globalisation (1): adjusting products to markets q q q After Cooke, 2006 strategy Technology acquisition (licensing, corporate venturing, alliances) Externalisation of R&D (outsourcing, firms research institutes, university centres of excellence) Knowledge management & collective intelligence: central role of new ICT technologies Globalisation (2): tapping global talent pools
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION GVC + GPNs = Business Ecosystems (BE) q. Spreading of GVC and GPNs suggests complex economic organizational forms ⇨ also described as ‘business ecosystems’ in the modern business thinking (ecosystem metaphor) ØBE = a complex network of interdependent niches occupied by organizations that are open to all potential contributors and creative participant (Moore, 2005). ØLeading firms (keystones ecology metaphor), occupying certain niche, coordinate co- evolution and integration of innovation across numerous contributors spread around different locations of the world; Their impact on the BE community (+/_) may be very strong and is also context (industry) specific. ØEvery agent in the space is facing continuous challenge to keep up with others in the BE co- evolution supported by keystones. Cooperation and competition is necessary for innovation and for creation of complementary capabilities. q. Key policy challenge is understanding: Ø Structure and functioning of the specific BEs ØUnderlying mechanism of governance the BEs: concentration of power, barriers to participation, interactions and functional significance of keystones and other agents ⇔ Importance of research and ICT for collecting and processing data for monitoring system functioning (benchmarking innovation achievements, pricing and margins, competitive corporate strategies, etc. )
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Digital ecosystem (DE) q. Self-organising system, providing a digital environment for networking among organizations (SMEs) in BE. It supports cooperation, knowledge sharing, and development of adaptive technologies and new business models. q. Similarly to BE, DE can be context specific and can be tailored to the specific local needs. q. DE tools allow concerned stakeholders to contribute their knowledge to achieve shared vision. DE comprise: ØTechnical infrastructure: hardware devices ØServices and formalized DE knowledge ØRegulatory: laws and regulations, contracts, etc.
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Key opportunities for internalisation of EU SMEs, arising from this setting ü Fragmentation in production ⇒ new market niches for products and services in which SMEs can position themselves, utilizing their comparative advantages in achieving flexibility, innovativeness, personalized contacts and quality of products. ü New opportunities for the international sourcing of specialized skills (scarce), which SMEs’ poses ü SMEs can internationalize faster and cheaper through BE supported by DE ü SMEs can participate in different BEs/DEs (regional/global), hence securing their growth ü SMEs can follow on the strategy of the firms in the BEs and engage in outsourcing and offshoring ü SMEs can learn and innovate in fast track manner through BE/DE
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Key challenges for SMEs üMore and more demanding markets üIncreasing number of standards and requirements set by leading players in BEs üLack of understanding of the upgrading challenge in the particular BEs in which they participate: understanding BE characteristics (structure, governance, geography). üLack of awareness of their competitive strength üInsufficient access to information and training; limited managerial skills and financial resources üInadequate support for technological innovation and learning üLack of direct contacts with customers: How to avoid captivity in BEs? How to protect their IPRs? üHow to reduce SME vulnerability and high mortality rate?
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION BE and DE as public goods The emerging DBE involve different types of externalities (positive and negative). From externalities the specific domain of public goods emerges: information, new knowledge and various kinds of innovations: organizational, institutional, commercial, social and legal are arising from coordination and co-evolutionary exchanges in the BE in interaction with DE q. PG benefits can spread beyond the administratively defined borders, and can become regional or even GPGs. Their benefits can also be inter-generational, resulting in innovations that are of benefit for the future generations. q The BE and DE organizational forms can also be considered as PGs in that they facilitate collective provision of these PGs and these in turn reinforce collective action and leads to increasing return to scale (e. g. their value to any participatory agents increases as more innovative agents join in).
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION BE and DE as public bads q. Public bads result from negative externalities like environmental degradation; monopolistic behavior, knowledge asymmetries, captivity for industrial upgrading; or computer viruses, spamming, dissemination of undesirable materials (child pornography). q. Key policy challenge is to understand the PG nature of BE and DE and to provide complementary PGs needed so that society can benefit from PGs and internalize externalities (reward positive and penalize negative). Complementary public goods: in the case of BE those are lows, regulations and their enforcement, and monitoring systems to be able to correct for public bads. In the case of DE, those include provision of technical infrastructure, laws and regulations on norms and standards, and capacity building to process information.
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT Structural and Framework Factors – ORGANIZATION Incentive Systems Public/Private Governance Public Goods GOVERNANCE RULE of LAW Political System Asymmetric Information Externalities Macroeconomic Policies FINANCIAL STABILITY Investment Microeconomic Policies KNOWLEDGE /INFORMATION And Rule of law ENVIRONMENT Competition INFRASTRUCTURE Institutional Support System S, T&E System Resources PPP (Capital) Resources Collective Actions: Corrective action Players Human capital HUMAN PPP Social capital SOCIAL Natural capital NATURAL M a r k e t & M a r k e t Government NGOs and market failures Market failures Innovation & Innovation and Technical change Technical Change Productivity Quality growth Physical capital PHYSICAL Private sector (not for profit) Asymmetric Information Externalities Private sector Government (for profit) Barriers to entry
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Public goods characteristics They are non-excludable in their supply: there is no easy way of preventing someone from having access to their consumption ⇒ it is not easy to limit the supply of PG only to those who are willing to bear the costs of supplying them for society ⇒ free riding: potential users may hide their preferences for the good and wait till they are supplied and then consume the good for free. They offer non-rival benefits: consumption by one agent does not diminish the availability of the good’s benefit for others. ⇒ zero marginal costs of use ⇒ exclusion is inefficient ⇒ welfare is not maximized by exclusion Externalities (positive/negative) Agent actions have negative or positive consequences for others and these are not taken into account in the decision process that generates those effects and are uncompensated. ( Samuelson, 1954)
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Provision of Public Goods Characteristics of PGs (non-excludable and non-rival) and externalities ⇨ There are no market incentives to make an optimal decisions ⇨ leaving their provision to the market means their undersupply ⇨ the logic of individual interests results in a socially less than optimum response ⇨ resources are not efficiently used and prospects for economic development are affected. Collective action (planned effort by two or more agents to act together to achieve result desirable for all) becomes necessary to supply PGs, through coordination, cooperation or coercion. When mutually beneficial goals are not sufficient to ensure the voluntary participation in a collective action (“collective action failure”), institutional innovation to facilitate strategic interactions conducive to cooperation among individual agents are called for. At the country level, that response is directed through the available institutional framework, with the nation state at the center. At the supranational level, the response has to be initiated through various forms of institutional innovation and voluntary coordination and cooperation, generally among countries.
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION PGs Provision Principles The subsidiarity principle = a match between the decision-making jurisdiction and the spillover range of the public good: a national PG should be provided by a national government, a supra-national regional PG by a supra national regional organization, and global PG should be supported by an international organization. The subsidiarity principle may be counterproductive when there is : Economies of scale in PG production or distribution. Then, it is more efficient to search for institutional solutions with a larger jurisdictional remit aiming to explore the advantages derived from increasing returns from scale. Economies of scope, unit costs decrease as more public goods are provided Economies of scale and scope suggest that it might be advisable for the institutional response to have a wider jurisdictional coverage
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT Local, regional and global impacts ORGANIZATION Regional Local Regional Global
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Institutional Innovation for PG provision Supra national EU level Instruments Formal coordination EU/ ECB System of Enforcement by Sanction: Stability & Growth Pact Voluntary coordination Guiding Rules: Luxemburg and Cardiff Process Lisbon strategy
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Globalization and Regional Innovation Systems (RIS) Globalization proceeds through BEs linking nodes of economic power, which tend to concentrate in certain regions or knowledge centers. Region (administratively defined within a country) becomes the strategic level for innovations, technological learning and upgrading. Increasing interdependences between regions and nations ⇨ it is important to maintain core competences/activities in the location/region and to upgrade this activity through RIS. For acquiring technological competences interaction between local and global knowledge networks are also needed, and this is best achieved at the regional/cluster level. Key challenge for the region becomes: How to deal with asymmetric knowledge capabilities and with imbalances between knowledge exploration and exploitation (commercialization)? EU Challenge: Is Europe becoming an exploration Platform for US? For policy: RIS, learning regions, industrial cities and clusters can guide public policies to support firm upgrading, productivity and competitiveness and for achieving long-term, innovation -driven development strategies.
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION RIS/ SMEs/Clusters-BE linkages Role of multilateralism & regionalism/ bilateralism International public goods Global Domain National public goods Role of public and private sector GVC BE RIS: SMEs &Clusters BE/DE Regional/local VC Business Environment Strategies, policies and programmes Framework conditions Memedovic, 2006, UNIDO
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION What is Regional Innovation System (RIS)? RIS consists of inter-linkages and interdependence between three subsystems (Cooke, 2006; Boschma, 2004): a. Knowledge Generation Sub-system: university leaders, research institutes, etc. b. Knowledge Utilization Sub-system or production system: SMEs/clusters c. Intermediaries between a. and b. : knowledge transfer experts, innovation lawyers for patents & IPR; investors (venture capital); business service providers, local government agencies (development and innovation agencies); technology institutes
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Regional Innovation System - Knowledge application & exploitation subsystem BE(SMEs/Clusters) Customers Contractors Intermediaries: Knowledge transfer experts, innovation lawyers for patents & IPR; investors (venture capitalists); business service providers, local politicians; knowledge explorations and testing institutes Governance system: embedded structure Memedovic after Cooke 2006, UNIDO SMEs/Clusters horizontal & vertical Competitors Collaborators ICT Flows of resources: knowledge, finance & skills; Building trust and confidence in institutions and their reliability DE Technology mediating organizations Public research organizations Market mediating organizations ICT Workforce mediating organizations Educational organizations Knowledge generation & diffusion subsystem
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION What is National Innovation System (NIS)? National Innovation System is a system of interconnected organizations and institutions to create, store and transfer the knowledge, skills and artifacts which define new technology” (Cooke, 2005, 2006). NIS has broader institutional scale and has primary focus on new technology but not on commercialization of new knowledge NIS approach has been dominant in the past, now RIS is gaining in importance because of the impact of globalization processes on local innovation and learning.
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION How RIS emerge? 1. Institutional RIS: top down model basically regionalized NIS. European RIS tend to be more institutional (dependent on public intervention and funding). (e. g. Research linked to the needs of larger, state-owned firms in or beyond the region. ) 2. Entrepreneurial RIS: bottom-up interactive innovation model generated and organized locally at town or district level. Financially supported and generated locally, from family, community, local credit agency. Some Nordic countries, US, etc. 3. Network RIS model: hybrid model, combining elements of 1. and 2. Most efficient RIS model: related variety of regional clusters supported by a regional supporting institutional infrastructure (Emilia-Romagna in Italy), Bavaria in Germany, Styria in Austria). Institutional support comes from local/regional, national and supranational levels. Funding is guided by agreements among banks, gov. agencies and firms.
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Innovation system dimension in RIS: Innovations are outcomes of a systemic relationships between various actors (a. b. & c. ), underpinned by an regionally embedded governance structures, and supported by regulatory and institutional frameworks on the national level. RIS acknowledges important role of: n institutions: shared values, norms, attitudes and practices that are necessary to ensure system coherence and that nurture the culture of innovation and processes of knowledge transfer. ncooperation, competition, coordination. Successful RIS integrates innovations, knowledge entrepreneurship, and talent formation through purposive activity of society.
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Role of Regional Governance Key to RIS success is in : ØMulti-level governance approach: from national to regionally embedded, with the purpose to facilitate interactive learning and innovation for commercialization of new knowledge and to coordinate policies. At the national level various institutions have the coordination role between national, regional and local levels. Public like the National Innovation Agency, private like Industry Association or Chambers of Commerce. ‘ At the regional level, there can be Regional Development Agencies, public organizations such as universities, polytechnics and representatives from industry associations and chambers of commerce Role of local government in RIS is essentially in: ØSupporting and augmenting the intra-linkages in the RIS and linkages with other RIS through interaction in BE (GVC/GPNs). ØFacilitating inclusion of private and public sectors and others. ØStimulating collective learning through network building, collective entrepreneurship, utilizing of social capital advantages; regional financing and investment, labor market adjustment services, etc.
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION RIS as Public Goods In line with new economic growth theory, RIS rest basically upon the public goods provision knowledge, innovation, information, through collective action (public and private sector participation). RIS: n. Utilize existing social capital advantages and build networks n. Stimulate collective learning through network building n. Provide innovation support services (public and private or combined) n. Integrate various financing means for start ups (multilevel public and private investments (venture capital) for seed funding. n. Provide regional financing and labor market adjustment services ( talent and skill formation). n. Encourage collective entrepreneurship n. Provide necessary infrastructure (business incubator facilities, science parks, zones, ) n. Coordinate policy through multilevel formal governance structure with a mesogovernmental body having leading role. n. Increases returns from agglomeration economies
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Clusters and RIS: conceptual differences n. Clusters and RIS can coexist in the same territory. RIS can host several clusters but cluster is not RIS. Cluster may have some kind of governance but this is more of informal character (e. g. cluster association, etc. ) there is still lacking systemic explanation of n. Relations between clusters and RIS in already established industries and how these are formed ? n What relations between clusters and RIS are needed to trigger the emergence of new industries (clusters)? Asheim and Lars, 2005 Recent research on SME policy and economic development points to the need for a more systemic approach and for a more pro-active SME and entrepreneurship innovation-based policy
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Specialization vs Diversification? n. Cluster literature: implies specialization Specialization is risky for economic development: exposure to external sectorspecific shock n‘Jane Jacobs’ models (1969): benefits of diversity in urban and regional economies are driving forces of economic growth. n. Many dynamic regions have a diverse portfolio of specializations (clusters): unrelated variety and/or related variety of industries. Unrelated variety produces portfolio effect: important for risk spreading Related variety of industries: important for knowledge spillover effects and innovation-driven growth
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Constructing Regional Comparative Advantages Based on the idea that n. Modern economies progress based on inter-related sectoral relations and knowledge spillovers of 'related variety' of industries: there is swift adaptation of innovations to nearby related industries and 'absorptive capacity' of related sector management is high. n. A key carrier of innovation is entrepreneurship, particularly 'knowledge entrepreneurship’. n. A ‘related variety’ industry requires more than simply sector-specific policy support. n. The policy challenge of this approach is in innovative policies to stimulate innovation, entrepreneurship and industrial related variety.
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION q The co-existence of many intra-regional clusters with various knowledge bases and different relations to the RIS calls for more developed governance structures to secure a planned and systematic co-ordination between industry and knowledge creating and diffusing organisations. q Provision of RIS as a public good requires an innovation system of a ‘triple- helix’ character (including university/ industry / government platforms).
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Industry platform : exploring related variety of industries ICT Finance Biotech National & Regional Constructed Advantage Stakeholders platform: pursuing a planned and systematic cooperation and interaction between: Policy platform: Economy Universities Industry Skills Infrastructure what type? Government Analytical/symbolic/ synthetic
Thank you for your attention o. memedovic@unido. org
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