Did Moses write Deuteronomy Ø Some have questioned

Did Moses write Deuteronomy? Ø Some have questioned Moses’ authorship for over a thousand years. However, until the mid-seventeenth century, the vast majority of people believed Moses was its author. Ø In the mid-1600 s the Dutch philosopher Benedict Spinoza began to seriously question this widely held belief. Ø French physician Jean Astruc developed the original Documentary Hypothesis in 1753, and it went through many different alterations until Ø Karl Graf revised the initial hypothesis in the mid-nineteenth century. Ø Julius Wellhausen then restated Graf’s Documentary Hypothesis and brought it to light in Europe and American scholarly circles (see Mc. Dowell, 1999, pp. 404 -406). It thus has become known to many as the Graf-Wellhausen Hypothesis, or the Documentary Hypothesis.

Did Moses write Deuteronomy? These men were rationalists, disbelievers in the inspiration of the Bible. They taught that various anonymous authors compiled these five books (plus other portions of the Old Testament) from centuries of oral tradition, up to 900 years after Moses lived (if, in this view, he even existed). Designations were… Ø J (standing for what they would term Jahwist, or Jehovistic) supposedly lived about 900– 850 BC. He/they allegedly gathered the myths and legends of Babylon and other nations, and added them to the “traditions” of the Hebrews, producing those biblical passages where the Hebrew letters for Jehovah are used as the name of God. Ø E (standing for Elohist) supposedly lived about 750– 700 BC in the northern kingdom (Israel), and wrote those passages where ’Elohim is used as the word for God. Ø D supposedly wrote most of Deuteronomy, probably the book found in the temple in Jerusalem in 621 B. C. during Josiah’s reign (2 Kings 22). Ø P supposedly represents a Priest (or priests) who lived during the exile in Babylon and allegedly composed a code of holiness for the people. Ø Various editors R (from German Redakteur) supposedly put it all together.

Did Moses write Deuteronomy? False reasoning of “higher critics” involves: 1. Begging the question. They assume their conclusion due to their assumption that the Bible was not given by inspiration of God, then manipulate their criticism to arrive at that conclusion. These men were atheistic or deists. 2. Assuming everything about Israel was a product of evolution, their calling as a people, their law, all that made them “God’s people, ” & that monotheism grew out of polytheism. 3. Assuming that writing was unknown during Moses’ life, which has been proved false. 4. Assuming Hebrew writers were different from all others, that they were incapable of using more than one name for God, or more than one writing style regardless of subject matter. 5. Assuming any Bible statement is unreliable unless proven reliable by either pagan or secular sources. Rather than give the benefit of doubt to the document, benefit of doubt is given to the critic.

Did Moses write Deuteronomy? False reasoning of “higher critics” involves: 6. Assuming duplication or similarity of narrative demands multiple authorship. Yet this is found among other Semitic writers. 7. Assuming all the above, that Moses could not have written the Pentateuch, that it was written by various authors hundreds of years after Moses died, yet with no manuscript evidence of a J, E, P, or D documents, or any other supposed fragments that have ever been discovered! 8. Assuming these were redacted documents when no ancient Jewish commentaries mention these imaginary documents. What might be motives for such criticism? 1. Deut. has many specific prophecies (blessings & curses, monarchy) that are specifically fulfilled -- mark of inspiration. Destroy faith in its author, his life, time, then destroy the message itself. 2. Pentateuch describes the miraculous origin of Israel as a nation with Divine Law. Critics believed Israel & its law evolved from neighboring nations & their laws. Manipulation of text was necessary

Did Moses write Deuteronomy? Internal Evidence Proves Mosaic Authorship 1. Overall & generally speaking, Moses was qualified to write it (Acts 7: 22) -- qualified by his own ability to write, -- qualified by his own personal experience to the events described. [note also John 15: 27 for same w/apostles], -- qualified by being inspired of the Holy Spirit (Num. 11: 25). 2. The claims of the Pentateuch itself. -- Moses was commanded to write in the book (Ex. 17: 14). -- He wrote the book of the covenant (Ex. 24: 4 -8). -- Numbers 33: 1, 2 state that he wrote the itinerary of the different towns visited in that chapter. -- Deuteronomy 31: 9, 24 indicate Moses wrote extended material, referencing what preceded. -- Deuteronomy 31: 22 refers to the song recorded in the next chapter.

Did Moses write Deuteronomy? Internal Evidence Proves Mosaic Authorship 3. The testimony of the rest of the Old Testament. -- Joshua indicates that the Law came from Moses and was in a book during his day (Josh. 1: 7, 8; 8: 31, 32, 34; 23: 6). -- The commandments of the Lord came by Moses (Judges 3: 4). -- The “book of Moses” is mentioned in Ezra 6: 18 and Nehemiah 13: 1.

Did Moses write Deuteronomy? Internal Evidence Proves Mosaic Authorship 4. The testimony of the New Testament. -- Jesus accepted the Old Testament, as did the Jews, to be the word of God. Luke 24: 27, 44 indicates that Jesus recognized the divisions of the Old Testament already in existence, and that the “writings” of Moses (John 5: 47; Lk. 16: 29, 31) to which He referred were the Pentateuch. -- He cited the Ten Commandments by saying, “Moses said” (Mk. 7: 10). -- When Pharisees accosted Jesus concerning easy divorce, He appealed first to Genesis 2: 24, then when they countered with Moses’ “command” (Deut. 24: 1 -4), Jesus declared that Moses permitted divorce due to the hardness of their hearts. While Jesus challenged the Pharisees’ misunderstanding, they were agreed that Moses wrote the Pentateuch.

Did Moses write Deuteronomy? Internal Evidence Proves Mosaic Authorship 3. The testimony of the rest of the Old Testament. 4. The testimony of the New Testament. -- Peter, Paul, and John also referred to the Law as being from Moses (Acts 3: 22; 13: 39; 15: 5 -21; Rom. 10: 5, 19; I Cor. 9: 9; II Cor. 3: 15; Rev. 15: 3. 5. The testimony of history and tradition. -- About the earliest non-Biblical but historical testimony comes from Ecclesiasticus (approximately 250 B. C. ) – “He (Jehovah) made him (Moses) to hear his voice and brought him into the dark cloud, and gave him commandments before his face, …” Among Jewish writings, the Talmud declared that any departure from the teaching that Moses wrote the Pentateuch would be punished by exclusion from Paradise (Talmudic tract, Sanhedrin).

Did Moses write Deuteronomy? Rejection of the Divine origin of the Pentateuch & Mosaic authorship has serious consequences 1. One denies what God plainly affirmed in the Old Testament through Moses. In denying that events occurred as mentioned, one is left to conclude that the Pentateuch is filled with lies. If the reader can’t believe some of it, he is left in doubt as to whether he should believe any of it. 2. One denies the deity of Jesus Christ. If Christ is deity, He knows all things. If Christ affirmed that Moses wrote the Pentateuch, when, according to higher critics, he did not write it, then Jesus Christ was mistaken. He is not God’s Son. 3. Obviously related, one would logically have to deny the authority and credibility of the Bible as a whole.

Where events of Deuteronomy “fit” into the rest of the Pentateuch

WILDERNESS OF PARAN (or KADESH-BARNEA) (Num. 12: 16 -20: 22). a. Sent spies into Canaan; after 40 days 10 of 12 brought back bad report. People refuse to enter land. God punished Israel by allowing that generation to die in the wilderness; wandered 40 years (a year per day spies were in Canaan). b. Rebellion of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram (Num. 16). c. To prevent further murmuring, God confirmed Aaron’s family as priests by making his rod miraculous bud and bare ripe almonds (Num. 17). d. Miriam dies (Num. 20: 1). e. People murmured about lack of water, Moses and Aaron sin by striking rock instead of speaking to it. Place was called Meribah (meaning “strife, ” Num. 20: 2 -13). f. Moses requests permission to pass through land of Edom. Request denied (Num. 20: 14 -21). MOUNT HOR (Num. 20: 22 - 21: 3). a. Aaron dies; Eleazar is made high priest. b. A Canaanite king of Arad attacked Israel; Israel defeated him. JOURNEY AROUND EDOM TO PLAINS OF MOAB (Num. 21: 4 -20). a. The people murmur again, fiery serpents are sent (21: 4 -9). PLAINS OF MOAB (Num. 21: 20 - Josh. 1 - 2). a. Defeated Sihon and Og; took their territory (Num. 21: 21 -35). b. Balaam tries to curse the people (Num. 22 - 24). c. Sin with Baal-peor; 24, 000 died (Num. 25). d. Battle with Midianites (Num. 31). e. People are counted again; all men of war above 20 years old at Kadesh-barnea are now dead except Joshua and Caleb (Num. 26, especially verses 63 -65). f. Moses speeches (Book of Deuteronomy now occurs in chronology). g. Moses dies; people mourn 30 days (Deut. 34). h. Joshua encouraged to lead people into Canaan (Josh. 1). i. Joshua sends spies into Jericho; account of Rahab (Josh. 2).

Deuteronomy Overall: Moses gives 3 farewell speeches emphasizing their past (with a point), & need to obey when in the Promised Land. Name: Title given the book in Hebrew comes from 1 st verse – “These are the words. ” – Is attached to previous books; “these” refers to addresses that follow, & connects what follows with what goes before, similar to Gen. 2: 4; 6: 9. Note close connection with Numbers in relation to time & place (Num. 36: 13 Deut. 1: 1). “Deuteronomy” from Greek Deuteronomion, from deuter- + nomos, law = 2 nd Law [ch. 17: 18 – “he shall write him a copy [a 2 nd, duplicate] of this law in a book. ” Only a 2 nd law in that laws on Sinai were adapted and expanded to meet new situations in the land. ]

Deuteronomy -- Overall The first verse, “These are the words which Moses spoke to all Israel on this side of the Jordan…” gives the general character of the book. It was addressed to a new generation of Israelites who were about to possess the land of Canaan. In a general way, it summarizes their history and law in order to make some points! Deuteronomy emphasizes both the past and future. As to the past, it is similar to Exodus through Numbers in that it contains narrative of Israel’s journey, then a large amount of law. However, recounting their history was not for the purpose of simply repeating it; rather it was given with a view toward instruction and warning. God (through Moses) “editorialized” on their past and the law given by making points especially on the importance of obedience to their covenant. This new generation so needed to hear these divine warnings from their 120 year old leader in order that they might not follow the sad example of their parents.

Deuteronomy -- Overall As to their future, Deuteronomy prepared Israel. While giving Israel’s history, lessons and explanations were drawn from their experiences which would emphasize their responsibility toward God upon their immediate possession of the promised land. It logically fits Israel’s historical situation. After 40 years of neglect and disobedience, Israel needed their attention recalled to what had gone before as they made ready to enter Canaan.

Overall view of Deuteronomy Themes & Lessons: [Renewal of covenant given at Sinai] 1. What God has done for Israel [God’s provisions, protection, & punishment when disobedient] (chs. 1 – 4: 43). 2. What God expects of Israel [warnings to flee from idolatry, other pagan practices, preparation for a kingdom] (chs. 4: 44 – ch. 26) 3. What God will do for Israel [predictions, blessings & curses] (chs. 27 -34)

Significance of Moses & Israel at this time 1. Moses is an old man (120) & has experienced God and Israel’s ways. [good mediator] -- He knows God’s faithfulness to His word & Israel’s unfaithfulness to theirs; hence, the need to warn! 2. A new generation of Israelites has arisen, but many are left who saw God’s works. [no excuse] 3. Moses pleads for Israel to be faithful in their immediate future & throughout their generations. -- We are able to glimpse God’s “heart” reflected in Moses. Both want Israel to prosper.

Deuteronomy Time covered: closely related to end of Numbers. -- Aaron’s death 40 th yr, 5 th mth, 1 st day (Num. 33: 38) -- + time for events (Num. 21 -36). -- 40 th yr, 11 th mth, 1 st day, Deut. Speeches begin (1: 3). -- 41 st yr, 1 st mth, 10 th day, crossed Jordan (Josh. 4: 19). day -- about [70 days] time from beginning of Deut. to crossing of Jordan. -- subtract 30 days Israel mourned for Moses (Deut. 34: 8) Therefore – Speeches & events Deut. describes took approximately 40 days.

Deuteronomy Themes & Lessons: -- In a broad outline, Deuteronomy records a renewal of the covenant given at Sinai. It is reviewed, expanded, enlarged, editorialized by God (through Moses), and ratified on the plains of Moab. Such is accomplished through Moses’ three speeches which are like sermons that move from a retrospective, to introspective, and finally a prospective look at God’s relation with Israel.

Deuteronomy Themes & Lessons: -- Moses first sermon (chs. 1: 1 – 4: 43) gives the background of the covenant stressing what God has done for Israel since their exodus. Two overriding themes are God’s provision and protection of His people, and His punishment when disobedient. -- The second sermon (chs. 4: 44 – ch. 26) covers requirements of the covenant, or what God expects of Israel. Special attention is paid to idolatry and other pagan practices as well as the establishment of a central sanctuary, and preparation for a kingdom. Thus the Law is somewhat expanded and adapted for circumstances in Canaan.

Deuteronomy Themes & Lessons: -- Moses first sermon (chs. 1: 1 – 4: 43) gives the background of the covenant stressing what God has done for Israel since their exodus. Two overriding themes are God’s provision and protection of His people, and His punishment when disobedient. -- The second sermon (chs. 4: 44 – ch. 26) covers requirements of the covenant, or what God expects of Israel. Special attention is paid to idolatry and other pagan practices as well as the establishment of a central sanctuary, and preparation for a kingdom. Thus the Law is somewhat expanded and adapted for circumstances in Canaan. --The third speech (chs. 27 – 34) is a statement of Israel’s history in advance, or what God will do for Israel. He predicts what will eventually happen to Israel (the blessings and curses), including their future dispersion in captivities. Moses lists the terms of the covenant that were to be ratified by the people, and appoints Joshua as his successor. The last chapter is like an obituary for Moses, written likely by Joshua.

Deuteronomy: Overall place in God’s scheme With the conclusion of Deuteronomy, God brought to an end His Law under which He intended Israel to live, work, and worship Him as a nation. We are seeing God develop His overall scheme of redemption for man as history unfolds. In order for God to achieve His purpose for man through His Son Jesus Christ, He had to develop it gradually. It would require a people through whom He would work and out of whom His Son would be born (Jno. 4: 22). We can notice a natural and spiritual progression of this purpose so far from this viewpoint: Genesis records God’s choice of a people (through Abraham); Exodus, their redemption; Leviticus, their worship & holiness; Numbers, their wanderings, order & guidance; and Deuteronomy, their need for obedience.

Outline of Deuteronomy I. Moses’ first speech (1: 1 – 4: 43) What God has done for Israel. (History of Israel’s wanderings) A. Review (1: 6 – 3: 29). 1. From Horeb to Kadesh-Barnea, ch. 1. 2. Kadesh-Barnea to Heshbon, ch. 2. 3. Heshbon to Beth-Peor, ch. 3. B. Exhortations to obedience (4: 1 -43).

Outline of Deuteronomy II. Moses second speech (4: 44 – 26: 19) -- What God expects of Israel. A. Introduction (4: 44 -49). B. Moses’ address (5: 1 – 26: 19). [divided into 2 major divisions] 1. General (chs. 5 -11, Repetition of Decalogue) a. Review of Ten Commandments and circumstances surrounding their being given, ch. 5. b. Application of first 2 commandments (chs. 6 -11). 1) Exhortations and warnings, ch. 6. 2) Entire separation from idolatry, ch. 7. 3) Exhortations to obedience prompted by Jehovah’s gracious dealings with Israel in the wilderness, ch. 8. 4) Review of Moses’ receiving two tables in the Mount, and warning against self-righteousness, ch. 9. 5) Renewed exhortations to obedience, chs. 10 -11. 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 19. c. Social laws, chs. 21 -26.

Outline of Deuteronomy II. Moses second speech (4: 44 – 26: 19) -- What God expects of Israel. A. Introduction (4: 44 -49). B. Moses’ address (5: 1 – 26: 19). [divided into 2 major divisions] 1. General (chs. 5 -11, Repetition of Decalogue) a. Review of Ten Commandments and circumstances surrounding their being given, ch. 5. 1) Review of Ten Commandments, 1 -21. 2) Attitude of the people, 22 -27 3) God’s response & recognition, 28 -33. b. Application of first 2 commandments (chs. 6 11). 1) Exhortations and warnings, ch. 6. a) Purpose & Results of obedience, 1 -3. b) Love God and teach children, 4 -9. c) Warning against danger of prosperity, 10 -15 d) Warning against tempting Jehovah, 16 -19 e) Children's inquiry & parent’s response, 20 -25

ch. 6. Outline of Deuteronomy a) Purpose & Results of obedience, 1 -3. b) Love God and teach children, 4 -9. Note: “The idea is not, Jehovah our God is one (the only) God, but ‘one (or the only) Jehovah’” (Keil). “Among the heathen there were many Baals and many Jupiters; and it was believed that the deity might be divided and communicated to many. But the God of Israel, Jehovah, is one, indivisible and incommunicable. He is the Absolute and the Infinite One, who alone is to be worshipped, on whom all depend, and to whose command all must yield obedience (cf. Zech. 14: 9). Not only to polytheism, but to pantheism, and to the conception of a localized or national deity, is this declaration of the unity of Jehovah opposed. With this the Jews begin their daily liturgy, morning and evening; the sentence expresses the essence of their religious belief” (W. L. Alexander, Pulpit Commentary). I Cor. 8: 5, 6 is a New Testament commentary on this idea, p. a. o. c) Warning against danger of prosperity, 10 -15 d) Warning against tempting Jehovah, 16 -19 e) Children's inquiry & parent’s response, 20 -25

Outline of Deuteronomy Note: “The demand ‘with all the heart’ excludes all half heartedness, all division Note of the heart in its love. . Loving the Lord with all the heart and soul and strength is placed at the head, as the spiritual principle from which the observance of the commandments was to flow (see also chap. 11: 1; 30: 6). It was in love that the fear of the Lord (chap. 10: 12), hearkening to His com mandments (chap. 11: 13), and the observance of the whole law (chap. 11: 22), were to be manifested; but love itself was to be shown by walking in all the ways of the Lord (chap. 11: 22; 19: 9; 30: 16). . Christ therefore calls the command to love God with all the heart 'the first and great commandment, ' and places on a par with this the commandment contained in Lev. 19: 8 to love one's neighbor as oneself, and then observes that on these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets (Matt. 22: 37 40. . . ). Even the gospel knows no higher commandment than this. The distinction between the new covenant and old consists simply in this, that the love of God which the gospel demands of its professors, is more intensive and cordial than that which the law of Moses demanded of the Israelites, according to the gradual unfolding of the love of God Himself, which was displayed in a much grander and more glorious form in the gift of His only begotten Son for our redemption, than in the redemption of Israel out of the bondage of Egypt” (Keil, 323).

Outline of Deuteronomy Note: To a large degree it was their failure to teach their children that led to : apostasy after apostasy. The same is true today when parents fail to study for themselves and teach what they learn to their children. Note 2: Having Jehovah’s word on one’s “heart” would not merely encompass Note 2 memory of the commands, but it would also necessitate one’s talking about it often. These commands were to be enforced on children, talked about at home, by the way, in the evening when lying down, in the morning when arising, or in other words, everywhere and at all times, the word of the Lord was to be on one’s mind. Verses 8 -9 command Israel to bind them for a sign on their hand, as frontlets before their eyes and on door-posts of houses and gates. “The Jewish custom of the Medusah is nothing but a formal and outward observance founded upon this command. It consists in writing the words of Deut. 6: 4 -9 and 11: 13 -20 upon a piece of parchment, which is then placed upon the top of the doorway of houses and rooms, enclosed in a wooden box; this box they touch with the finger and then kiss the finger on going either out or in” (Keil 325). Jesus rebuked the Jews for their outward extreme concerning this (Matt. 23: 5). “The context here in Deuteronomy and the use of these expressions in Exodus 13: 9, 16 indicate that the language is figurative” (Allis 137).

Outline of Deuteronomy II. Moses second speech (4: 44 – 26: 19) -- What God expects of Israel. A. Introduction (4: 44 -49). B. Moses’ address (5: 1 – 26: 19). [divided into 2 major divisions] 1. General (chs. 5 -11, Repetition of Decalogue) a. Review of Ten Commandments and circumstances surrounding their being given, ch. 5. 1) Review of Ten Commandments, 1 -21. 2) Attitude of the people, 22 -27 3) God’s response & recognition, 28 -33. b. Application of first 2 commandments (chs. 6 -11). 1) Exhortations and warnings, ch. 6. a) Purpose & Results of obedience, 1 -3. b) Love God and teach children, 4 -9. c) Warning against danger of prosperity, 10 -15 d) Warning against tempting Jehovah, 16 -19 e) Children's inquiry & parent’s response, 20 -25

Outline of Deuteronomy II. Moses second speech (4: 44 – 26: 19) -- What God expects of Israel. A. Introduction (4: 44 -49). B. Moses’ address (5: 1 – 26: 19). [divided into 2 major divisions] 1. General (chs. 5 -11, Repetition of Decalogue) a. Review of Ten Commandments and circumstances surrounding their being given, ch. 5. 1) Review of Ten Commandments, 1 -21. 2) Attitude of the people, 22 -27 3) God’s response & recognition, 28 -33. b. Application of first 2 commandments (chs. 6 -11). 1) Exhortations and warnings, ch. 6. 2) Entire separation from idolatry, ch. 7 a) Call to separation, 1 -5. b) Reasons for this attitude of separateness, 6 -11. c) Obedience will bring physical blessings, 12 -16. Note: In verse 15, the promise of the preservation of Israel from all diseases (Ex. 15: 26, and 23: 25) is strengthened by the addition of the clause, ‘all the evil diseases of Egypt, ’ by which, according to chapter 28: 27, we are probably to understand chiefly the malignant species of leprosy called elephantiasis, and possibly also the plague and other malignant forms of disease” (Keil).

Outline of Deuteronomy II. Moses second speech (4: 44 – 26: 19) -- What God expects of Israel. A. Introduction (4: 44 -49). B. Moses’ address (5: 1 – 26: 19). [divided into 2 major divisions] 1. General (chs. 5 -11, Repetition of Decalogue) a. Review of Ten Commandments and circumstances surrounding their being given, ch. 5. 1) Review of Ten Commandments, 1 -21. 2) Attitude of the people, 22 -27 3) God’s response & recognition, 28 -33. b. Application of first 2 commandments (chs. 6 -11). 1) Exhortations and warnings, ch. 6. 2) Entire separation from idolatry, ch. 7 a) Call to separation, 1 -5. b) Reasons for this attitude of separateness, 6 -11. c) Obedience will bring physical blessings, 12 -16. d) Israel’s fears calmed & separateness re-stated, 17 -26

Outline of Deuteronomy II. Moses second speech (4: 44 – 26: 19) -- What God expects of Israel. A. Introduction (4: 44 -49). B. Moses’ address (5: 1 – 26: 19). [divided into 2 major divisions] 1. General (chs. 5 -11, Repetition of Decalogue) a. Review of Ten Commandments and circumstances surrounding their being given, ch. 5. 1) Review of Ten Commandments, 1 -21. 2) Attitude of the people, 22 -27 3) God’s response & recognition, 28 -33. b. Application of first 2 commandments (chs. 6 -11). 1) Exhortations and warnings, ch. 6. 2) Entire separation from idolatry, ch. 7 3) Exhortations to obedience prompted by Jehovah’s gracious dealings with Israel in the wilderness, ch. 8. a) Explanation of some events during wandering, 1 10 b) Warning against high mindedness, forgetting God, 11 20. Lessons: 1. God has given commandments through history to “prove” if people would “keep his commandments” or not (vs. 2). Seen also w/ Abraham, Gen. 22. 2. Can you think of any N. T. commands that might “prove” people today?

Outline of Deuteronomy II. Moses second speech (4: 44 – 26: 19) -- What God expects of Israel. A. Introduction (4: 44 -49). B. Moses’ address (5: 1 – 26: 19). [divided into 2 major divisions] 1. General (chs. 5 -11, Repetition of Decalogue) a. Review of Ten Commandments and circumstances surrounding their being given, ch. 5. b. Application of first 2 commandments (chs. 6 -11). 1) Exhortations and warnings, ch. 6. 2) Entire separation from idolatry, ch. 7. 3) Exhortations to obedience prompted by Jehovah’s gracious dealings with Israel in the wilderness, ch. 8. 4) Review of Moses’ receiving two tables in the Mount, and warning against self-righteousness, ch. 9. 5) Renewed exhortations to obedience, chs. 10 -11. 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 19. c. Social laws, chs. 21 -26.

Outline of Deuteronomy II. Moses second speech (4: 44 – 26: 19) -- What God expects of Israel. A. Introduction (4: 44 -49). B. Moses’ address (5: 1 – 26: 19). [divided into 2 major divisions] 1. General (chs. 5 -11, Repetition of Decalogue) a. Review of Ten Commandments and circumstances surrounding their being given, ch. 5. b. Application of first 2 commandments (chs. 6 -11). 1) Exhortations and warnings, ch. 6. 2) Entire separation from idolatry, ch. 7. 3) Exhortations to obedience prompted by Jehovah’s gracious dealings with Israel in the wilderness, ch. 8. 4) Review of Moses’ receiving two tables in the Mount, and warning against self-righteousness, ch. 9. a) Land not received due to Israel’s goodness, but due to Canaan’s wickedness, 1 -5. b) Warning against self-righteousness based on their past, 6 -24. c) Were spared at Sinai due to Moses’ intercession, 25 -29.

Outline of Deuteronomy II. Moses second speech (4: 44 – 26: 19) -- What God expects of Israel. A. Introduction (4: 44 -49). B. Moses’ address (5: 1 – 26: 19). [divided into 2 major divisions] 1. General (chs. 5 -11, Repetition of Decalogue) a. Review of Ten Commandments and circumstances surrounding their being given, ch. 5. b. Application of first 2 commandments (chs. 6 -11). 1) Exhortations and warnings, ch. 6. 2) Entire separation from idolatry, ch. 7. 3) Exhortations to obedience prompted by Jehovah’s gracious dealings with Israel in the wilderness, ch. 8. 4) Review of Moses’ receiving two tables in the Mount, and warning against self-righteousness, ch. 9. Lessons: 1. Memory of past helps. It should have Israel with pride & self-righteousness. It can / will for us, 1 Tim. 1: 12 -16; Matt. 5: 3 -6; 1 Cor. 15: 9 -10. 2. Power of intercessory prayer shown, 26 -29. Note other ex. Gen. 18: 22 -33; Lk. 23: 34 comp. Acts 2: 1 -41; Acts 7: 58, 60 comp. 9: 1 -19; 1 Tim. 2: 1 -2.

Outline of Deuteronomy II. Moses second speech (4: 44 – 26: 19) -- What God expects of Israel. A. Introduction (4: 44 -49). B. Moses’ address (5: 1 – 26: 19). [divided into 2 major divisions] 1. General (chs. 5 -11, Repetition of Decalogue) a. Review of Ten Commandments and circumstances surrounding their being given, ch. 5. b. Application of first 2 commandments (chs. 6 -11). 1) Exhortations and warnings, ch. 6. 2) Entire separation from idolatry, ch. 7. 3) Exhortations to obedience prompted by Jehovah’s gracious dealings with Israel in the wilderness, ch. 8. 4) Review of Moses’ receiving two tables in the Mount, and warning against self-righteousness, ch. 9. 5) Renewed exhortation to obedience, chs. 10 -11 a) Results of Moses’ intercession, 10: 1 -11 b) Appeal based on God’s goodness, 10: 12 -22.

Outline of Deuteronomy II. Moses second speech (4: 44 – 26: 19) -- What God expects of Israel. A. Introduction (4: 44 -49). B. Moses’ address (5: 1 – 26: 19). [divided into 2 major divisions] 1. General (chs. 5 -11, Repetition of Decalogue) a. Review of Ten Commandments and circumstances surrounding their being given, ch. 5. b. Application of first 2 commandments (chs. 6 -11). 5) Renewed exhortation to obedience, chs. 10 -11 a) Results of Moses’ intercession, 10: 1 -11 b) Appeal based on God’s goodness, 10: 12 -22. Note: This is similar to chapter 6: 4, 5 and Micah 6: 8 where all God’s specific commandments are encompassed and will be kept if certain attitudes of heart are maintained. Note 2: Relative to “fear” and “love” mentioned together, one has said: “’Fear with love! Love without fear relaxes; fear without love enslaves, and leads to despair’ (J. Gerhard). There is a fear with which love cannot coexist – a fear which hath torment, and which love casts out as its antagonist (I Jno. 4: 18); but the fear of God which he requires is that pious reverence which not only can coexist with love to him, but is not where love is not” (W. L. Alexander).

Outline of Deuteronomy II. Moses second speech (4: 44 – 26: 19) -- What God expects of Israel. A. Introduction (4: 44 -49). B. Moses’ address (5: 1 – 26: 19). [divided into 2 major divisions] 1. General (chs. 5 -11, Repetition of Decalogue) a. Review of Ten Commandments and circumstances surrounding their being given, ch. 5. b. Application of first 2 commandments (chs. 6 -11). 5) Renewed exhortation to obedience, chs. 10 -11 a) Results of Moses’ intercession, 10: 1 -11 b) Appeal based on God’s goodness, 10: 12 -22. Note: Physical circumcision of male children began with God’s instruction to Abraham (Gen. 17: 9 -14). It was the outward manifestation or a “token of a covenant betwixt me and you” (Gen. 17: 11). It was also to be practiced on every male “throughout your generations” (Gen. 17: 12). The uncircumcised male “hath broken my covenant” (Gen. 17: 14). This command was repeated in the Law of Moses (Lev. 12: 3). In that passage, it was associated with various laws of purification. Therefore, physical circumcision was a sign of consecration (separation from other nations because of God’s covenant with Abraham and his descendants) as well as purification. Now, Moses says this has application to Israel’s heart. Today the only kind of circumcision in which God has interest is the circumcision of our _________ (Col. 2: 11 -13).

Outline of Deuteronomy II. Moses second speech (4: 44 – 26: 19) -- What God expects of Israel. A. Introduction (4: 44 -49). B. Moses’ address (5: 1 – 26: 19). [divided into 2 major divisions] 1. General (chs. 5 -11, Repetition of Decalogue) a. Review of Ten Commandments and circumstances surrounding their being given, ch. 5. b. Application of first 2 commandments (chs. 6 -11). 5) Renewed exhortation to obedience, chs. 10 -11 a) Results of Moses’ intercession, 10: 1 -11 b) Appeal based on God’s goodness, 10: 12 -22. c) Love for & obedience to Jehovah should grow out of their experiences, 11: 1 -12. -- what they saw He did to Egypt, 1 -4 -- what they saw He did to them, 5 -7 -- & what He would do in the future, 8 -12 d) Jehovah would send rains as blessings for obed. , 13 -17. Note: The first rains would fall from mid October to the end of December and would prepare the land for the seed. The latter rains came in March and April when the grain was ripening, allowing them to mature. God would give them exactly what they needed when obedient.

Outline of Deuteronomy II. Moses second speech (4: 44 – 26: 19) -- What God expects of Israel. A. Introduction (4: 44 -49). B. Moses’ address (5: 1 – 26: 19). [divided into 2 major divisions] 1. General (chs. 5 -11, Repetition of Decalogue) a. Review of Ten Commandments and circumstances surrounding their being given, ch. 5. b. Application of first 2 commandments (chs. 6 -11). 5) Renewed exhortation to obedience, chs. 10 -11 a) Results of Moses’ intercession, 10: 1 -11 b) Appeal based on God’s goodness, 10: 12 -22. c) Love for & obedience to Jehovah should grow out of their experiences, 11: 1 -12. -- what they saw He did to Egypt, 1 -4 -- what they saw He did to them, 5 -7 -- & what He would do in the future, 8 -12 d) Jehovah would send rains as blessings for obed. , 13 -17. e) Lay up these words in your heart, 18 -25. f) “I set before you this day a blessing & a curse, ” 26 -32.

Outline of Deuteronomy f) “I set before you this day a blessing & a curse, ” 26 -32. Note: Deuteronomy 27: 11 -14 indicate on what mount the various tribes were to stand when the blessing and curse were read. This was executed just as Moses instructed under Joshua’s direction after Israel entered the land had conquered Jericho and Ai (read Joshua 8: 30 -35). Note 2: Some scholars have noted that Mt. Ebal was selected for uttering the curse because it was barren and rugged, while Mt. Gerizim was more fertile and smoother. If that were the case, God showed Israel a word picture of their future depending on their behavior. Note 3: Verse 30 mentions that these mountains were “beyond the Jordan, behind the way of the going down of the sun. ” They were “beyond the Jordan” from where Israel was then stationed and toward the west.

Outline of Deuteronomy II. Moses second speech (4: 44 – 26: 19) -- What God expects of Israel. A. Introduction (4: 44 -49). B. Moses’ address (5: 1 – 26: 19). [divided into 2 major divisions] 1. General (chs. 5 -11, Repetition of Decalogue) a. Review of Ten Commandments and circumstances surrounding their being given, ch. 5. b. Application of first 2 commandments (chs. 6 -11). 1) Exhortations and warnings, ch. 6. 2) Entire separation from idolatry, ch. 7. 3) Exhortations to obedience prompted by Jehovah’s gracious dealings with Israel in the wilderness, ch. 8. 4) Review of Moses’ receiving two tables in the Mount, and warning against self-righteousness, ch. 9. 5) Renewed exhortations to obedience, chs. 10 -11. 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 19. c. Social laws, chs. 21 -26.

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. 1) The place of sacrifice, ch. 12. -- The one place for Jehovah’s worship, 1 -14. Note: We shall see that as Israel’s history progresses, they ignored this law and built “high places” on every high hill and offered sacrifices on them. Just as God has warned, these high places might begin as a place to worship Him, but they would degenerate into places of idolatry. This will be significant during the time of the divided kingdom.

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. 1) The place of sacrifice, ch. 12. -- The one place for Jehovah’s worship, 1 -14. -- Distinction between home needs & religious requirements, 15 -28. Note: Keep in mind that during the wilderness wandering, God instructed that anyone who wanted to slaughter an animal even for food had to bring it to the door of the tent of meeting. It was a capital offence if such were not done (see Lev. 17: 1 -9). In essence, God elevated the slaughter of an animal for food purposes to the level of a sacrificial peace offering. The priest would sprinkle the blood of the animal on the altar and burn the fat (Lev. 17: 6). Even strangers living among Israel who did not abide by this law were to be cut off from Israel (Lev. 17: 8 -9). Evidence for the reason behind this command seems to be that ancient nations viewed any animal killed and eaten as a sacrifice to a god (Lev. 17: 7; Amos 5: 25 -27). Therefore, to eliminate any association with this practice, God prohibited Israel from slaughtering an animal anywhere except around the tent of meeting. However, as the time of Israel’s entrance into Canaan neared and the impossibility of continuing this practice from a logistical and common sense approach was evident, God modified the earlier law in Leviticus with this in Deuteronomy (ch. 12: 15 -28). Israel could slaughter and eat of any of these animals in any of their cities, regardless of their being in a clean or unclean condition. The prohibition was that they could not eat the blood of the animal.

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. 1) The place of sacrifice, ch. 12. -- The one place for Jehovah’s worship, 1 -14. -- Distinction between home needs & religious requirements, 1528. -- Reminder against Canaanitish idolatry, 29 -32. Note: “The clause ‘after they be destroyed from before thee’ is not mere tautology (needless repetition, p. a. o. ), but serves to depict the danger of the snare most vividly before their eyes. The second clause, ‘that thou inquire not after them’ (their gods), etc. , explains more fully to the Israelites the danger which threatened them. This danger was so far a pressing one, that the whole of the heathen world was animated with the conviction, that to neglect the gods of a land would be sure to bring misfortune (cf. 2 Kings 17: 26)” (Keil). Israel was “to shun such superstitions as unworthy of the elect people of God” (Cook).

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. 1) The place of sacrifice, ch. 12. Lessons: 1. Much is said in politics about negotiations, bi-lateral commissions, seeking and emphasizing our “common ground, ” and in general, the need to compromise. Was this God’s view of how Israel should treat Canaanitish nations and their religions (vss. 1 -3)? Explain. ________ 2. How does the principle God taught Israel in verses 1 -3 correspond to New Testament passages such as John 14: 6 and Acts 4: 11 -12? 3. God wanted sacrifices to Him offered in one place (vss. 1 -14). How might this be related to I Cor. 11: 17, 18, 20, 33, and 34 in respect to the Lord’s supper and its being partaken of anywhere anyone desires? ____ 4. God admonished Israel not to be “ensnared” to follow after the gods of Canaan nor should they even “inquire” about them (vs. 30). He “hates” those idolatrous practices. Apply this principle to sins of our day. Further, Israel likely thought at that time they would never fall prey to such practices. But they did, as earlier mentioned. In your answer, show we can be “ensnared” by sins of our day as we continue to “inquire” about them, and how we can, like Israel, fall when we think we have no problem standing (I Cor. 10: 12). _____

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. 1) The place of sacrifice, ch. 12. 2) Warning against seduction to idolatry, ch. 13 -- Temptations from a false prophet, 1 -5 -- Temptations from a near relative, 6 -11 -- Temptations from cities given to idolatry, 12 -18 Lessons: 1. False prophets occasionally have signs that come to pass, vss. 1 2. If any prophet delivered a message that differed from a previous revelation from God, Israel should not listen. How is this similar for us today, 1 John 4: 1, 2, 5 6? 2. God used false prophets as a test for Israel’s love for Him, vs. 3. Note II Thess. 2: 8 12. Does the Deut. Passage shed light on this N. T. teaching? 3. If a near relative or friend tempted an Israelite away from Jehovah, he was not to consent or listen to him, neither was he to pity, spare, nor conceal him. How is this similar to Matt. 10: 34 37? 4. Such seemingly harsh treatment was an act of obedience to God & for the good of Israel. How might this parallel I Cor. 5: 4 5, 9 13 & II Thess. 3: 6, 14 15?

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. 1) The place of sacrifice, ch. 12. 2) Warning against seduction to idolatry, ch. 13 3) Further marks of holiness in mourning, foods, & tithing, ch. 14 -- Holiness seen in not disfiguring body, 1 -2. -- Holiness regarding foods, 3 -21. -- Holiness in tithing & bringing 1 st born to the Lord, 22 -29 Lesson: God wanted Israel to learn that they were “a holy people to” Him (vs. 2). Consequently, they were to look different from neighboring peoples when certain fashions (cuttings or shavings) identified them peculiarly with those nations and their idolatrous ways. Do Christians live under laws with similar principles? Use Tit. 2: 11 -14; I Pet. 2: 9 -10; Rom. 12: 1 -2; I Tim. 2: 9 -10 and explain.

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. 1) The place of sacrifice, ch. 12. 2) Warning against seduction to idolatry, ch. 13 3) Further marks of holiness in mourning, foods, & tithing, ch. 14 4) Year of Release, ch. 15 -- Release of debtors, 1 -6 -- Attitudes toward the poor at time of release, 7 -11 -- Release of slaves, 12 -18 -- Sanctification of 1 st born among livestock, 19 -23

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. 1) The place of sacrifice, ch. 12. 2) Warning against seduction to idolatry, ch. 13 3) Further marks of holiness in mourning, foods, & tithing, ch. 14 4) Year of Release, ch. 15 -- Release of debtors, 1 -6 -- Attitudes toward the poor at time of release, 7 -11 -- Release of slaves, 12 -18 -- Sanctification of 1 st born among livestock, 19 -23 a. 5) Observe the 3 feasts at the appointed place, 16: 1 -17 b. -- Feast of passover, 1 -8 c. -- Feast of weeks, 9 -12 d. --Feast of Tabernacles, 13 -17 e. b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 20 f. -- Appointment of judges, 16: 18 -20 g. -- Prohibition of idolatrous symbols, 16: 21 -22 h. -- Offering best to Jehovah, punishment for apostasy, appeal for judicial decisions, instructions for anticipated monarchy, 17.

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 20 -- Appointment of judges, 16: 18 -20 -- Prohibition of idolatrous symbols, 16: 21 -22 -- Offering best to Jehovah, punishment for apostasy, appeal for judicial decisions, instructions for anticipated monarchy, 17. Note 17: 14 17, Though the reasons for these prohibitions are not given, what happened to Israel in her subsequent history would explain the wisdom of God behind them. Horses were not used for agricultural purposes, but for war. Further, horses were generally furnished by Egypt. Therefore, to keep Israel from too friendly relations with the nation from which God had delivered them, and to keep their confidence not in military horses but in Him, multiplying horses from Egypt was forbidden. Multiplying silver and gold usually came from oppression, and would lead kings to depend more on their riches than God. Multiplying wives was common among Oriental monarchs, and with these harems usually came the customs of the nations from which they had been brought. Idolatry was an inevitable consequence. This led to Solomon’s ruin as well as other kings in Israel (I Kings 11: 4 -8).

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 20 1) The Prophet like Moses, ch. 18 -- support of priests & Levites, 1 -8 -- Warning against obtaining info. from divination, 9 -14 -- The true prophet like Moses & how to test for such, 15 -22 Overall ch. note: Reminders, warnings, and predictions are given. Israel is reminded to provide for priests and Levites. Another warning is given not to seek to know the future through pagan practices. Seeking to know the future is connected to true prophets whom God would give Israel. Moses anticipates his death and the need for future prophets to arise through whom Israel could know God’s will. Tests would enable Israel to know who a false and true prophet were. The ultimate true prophet to whom all other prophets here described pointed was the Messiah, Jesus Christ.

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 20 1) The Prophet like Moses, ch. 18 -- support of priests & Levites, 1 -8 -- Warning against obtaining info. from divination, 9 -14 -- The true prophet like Moses & how to test for such, 15 -22 Note: While nations around Israel would listen to those practicing divination, Jehovah wanted Israel to listen to His true prophets. Anticipating his death, Moses stated that God would raise up a prophet like he was from among their own brethren (vs. 15). Earlier at Mt. Sinai, because of their fear Israel had asked that God not speak to them directly but through Moses (Ex. 20: 18 -21). God agreed with this request. He would indeed raise up a prophet to whom Israel must listen, and God’s message would be in his mouth.

Outline of Deuteronomy Note: “A prophet, …like unto me. ” Due to the context, we are first inclined to believe that verses 15 -19 speak of a succession of prophets following Moses rather than to one prophet in the distant future. This seems evident based on the following facts: a. b. c. There is a contrast between listening to diviners versus listening to a true prophet. There would be a need for many prophets between the time of Moses and Christ. Passages following this paragraph refer to discerning between false and true prophets, indicating a number of prophets would arise. Just as legislation had been given concerning priests, judges and kings, it would follow that a succession of prophets is here understood. However, the Jews understood that the Messiah would be a preeminent prophet (Jno. 1: 21, 45; 6: 14). Further, Jesus Christ Himself, the apostles and other inspired men indicated that Jesus was the ultimate fulfillment of this passage (see Jno. 5: 45 -47; Acts 3: 22 -26; 7: 37). Therefore, the emphasis of the passage indicated Israel should listen to all of God’s prophets. However, Jesus was the ultimate prophet to whom all other prophets pointed. He was like Moses in that He was a lawgiver and mediator. Refusal to listen to Him meant separation from God.

Overall view of Deuteronomy Themes & Lessons: [Renewal of covenant given at Sinai] 1. What God has done for Israel [God’s provisions, protection, & punishment when disobedient] (chs. 1 – 4: 43). 2. What God expects of Israel [warnings to flee from idolatry, other pagan practices, preparation for a kingdom] (chs. 4: 44 – ch. 26) 3. What God will do for Israel [predictions, blessings & curses] (chs. 27 -34)

Outline of Deuteronomy 1. General (chs. 5 -11, Repetition of Decalogue) a. Review of Ten Commandments and circumstances surrounding their being given, ch. 5. b. Application of first 2 commandments (chs. 6 -11). 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. 1) The place of sacrifice, ch. 12. 2) Warning against seduction to idolatry, ch. 13 3) Further marks of holiness in mourning, foods, & tithing, ch. 14 4) Year of Release, ch. 15 b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 20 c. Social Laws, chs. 21 -26

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. 1) The place of sacrifice, ch. 12. 2) Warning against seduction to idolatry, ch. 13 3) Further marks of holiness in mourning, foods, & tithing, ch. 14 4) Year of Release, ch. 15 5) Observe the 3 feasts at the appointed place, 16: 1 -17 -- Feast of passover, 1 -8 -- Feast of weeks, 9 -12 --Feast of Tabernacles, 13 -17 b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 20 -- Appointment of judges, 16: 18 -20 -- Prohibition of idolatrous symbols, 16: 21 -22 -- Offering best to Jehovah, punishment for apostasy, appeal for judicial decisions, instructions for anticipated monarchy, 17. -- Prophet like Moses, 18 -- Cities of Refuge, 19 -- Laws for warfare, 20 c. Social Laws, chs. 21 -26

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 20 1) The Prophet like Moses, ch. 18 2) Cities of Refuge, ch. 19. Note: Legislation moves to various circumstances of civil and family life in which lives might be endangered, and for the purpose of elevating reverence for human life. Earlier Moses had spoken concerning cities of refuge for people having committed involuntary manslaughter, and had specified where the cities east of the Jordan would be (Num. 35: 11 -15; Deut. 4: 41 -43). Now the law is repeated with an emphasis on the cities centrally located (vs. 2) west of the Jordan River, and for Israel to carry out these laws. -- 3 cities for involuntary manslaughter, 1 -13 -- Property boundaries, 14 -- Punishment of perjury, 15 -21

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 20 1) The Prophet like Moses, ch. 18 -- support of priests & Levites, 1 -8 -- Warning against obtaining info. from divination, 9 -14 -- The true prophet like Moses & how to test for such, 15 -22 2) Cities of Refuge, ch. 19. -- 3 cities for involuntary manslaughter, 1 -13 Note: Moses had already set these cities apart on the east side of the Jordan as mentioned in the above verses after Israel had conquered that land. Now he speaks of cities of refuge on the west of the Jordan, and supplements the instructions of Numbers 35: 14, insisting that roads to these cities be maintained, and that the cities be placed in every third portion of the land. Respect for the sanctity of life and innocence was a part of the Law’s high calling.

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 20 1) The Prophet like Moses, ch. 18 -- support of priests & Levites, 1 -8 -- Warning against obtaining info. from divination, 9 -14 -- The true prophet like Moses & how to test for such, 15 -22 2) Cities of Refuge, ch. 19. -- 3 cities for involuntary manslaughter, 1 -13 -- Property Boundaries [“ancient landmarks”], 14 Note: These were usually stones set up around fields and estates indicating the extent of the property. Since fences were not common, some line of division between properties was necessary. This prohibition was likely not related to the unintentional manslayer, but since a man’s life was held sacred, so were his means of livelihood. In essence moving a landmark cheated an Israelite family out of a portion of the inheritance God had promised. Other passages indicate the severe punishment God imposed on one who removed a neighbor’s landmark, and it accompanied the same punishment as sins for cursing a father, leading a blind man astray, and perverting the rights of orphans and widows (see Deut. 27: 17; Job. 24: 2; Prov. 22: 28; 23: 10; Hos. 5: 10).

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 20 1) The Prophet like Moses, ch. 18 -- support of priests & Levites, 1 -8 -- Warning against obtaining info. from divination, 9 -14 -- The true prophet like Moses & how to test for such, 15 -22 2) Cities of Refuge, ch. 19. -- 3 cities for involuntary manslaughter, 1 -13 -- Property Boundaries [“ancient landmarks”], 14 -- Punishment of perjury, 15 -21 [malicious prosecution] Lessons: 1. The sanctity of life. Provisions were made for innocent people who unintentionally or accidentally killed others. If one lost his life accidentally, this protection was to insure what? 2. Which of the Ten Commandments would a violation of verse 14 involve? __ 3. Which of the Ten Commandments would a malicious prosecutor involve (vss. 15 -21)? ____

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 20 1) The Prophet like Moses, ch. 18 2) Cities of Refuge, ch. 19. 3) Laws for warfare, ch. 20. Note: Rules for the conduct of warfare found only here, and anticipate Israel’s future battles. Reliance on Jehovah and courage based on His presence were imperative. Legislation for several exemptions made basically an all-volunteer army. Legislation regarding treatment of non-Canaanite nations (vss. 10 -15) and Canaanite nations (vss. 16 -18) was also given. Israel was to spare as many possible who were defenseless and would not lead them away from Jehovah. The chapter closes with a prohibition against destroying fruit trees. Conserve all that is possible. -- Preliminaries to battle, 1 -9 --Courage from Jeh. , 1 -4 -- Exemptions, 5 -9 -- Laws for the siege of a city, 10 -20 -- Taking a distant city, 10 -15 -- Taking a city in Canaan, 16 -18 a. -- Certain trees preserved; others cut, 19 -20

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 20 1) The Prophet like Moses, ch. 18 2) Cities of Refuge, ch. 19. 3) Laws for warfare, ch. 20. Note: “The reason for grouping together these five laws, which are apparently so different from one another, as well as for attaching them to the previous regulations, is to be found in the desire to bring out distinctly the sacredness of life and of personal rights from every point of view, and impress it upon the covenant nation” (Keil, 404). Note: One has said that this chapter gives “a fivefold view of God. (1) God’s promise in case of danger (vss. 1 -4). (2) God’s provision in the face of emergencies (vss. 6 -7; II Tim. 2: 4). (3) God’s peace in view of surrender (vss. 10, 11). (4) God’s power in the midst of opposition (vss. 12 -18). a. God’s principle in the presence of opportunity (vss. 19 -20), ‘that nothing be lost’” (Thomas, 170).

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 20 1) The Prophet like Moses, ch. 18 2) Cities of Refuge, ch. 19. 3) Laws for warfare, ch. 20. c. Social Laws, chs. 21 -26. 1) Various Social Laws, ch. 21 Case of an unknown murderer Treatment of a female war captive Right of the firstborn Punishment of a stubborn and rebellious son Proper burial of an executed criminal

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). c. Social Laws, chs. 21 -26. Note: These chapters are filled with various social laws. Some will involve serious moral offenses, and some may appear as trivial matters. However, one of the purposes of all this legislation was to make Israel distinct as the people of God, separate from their pagan neighbors. Inappropriate conduct is placed in the same category as mixing and matching things that are out of their natural order. Some reflect eternal principles. 1) Various Social Laws, ch. 21 -- Case of an unknown murderer, 1 -9 Note: Pilate, Matt. 27: 24, hypocrisy -- Treatment of a female war captive, 10 -14 -- Right of the 1 st born, 15 -17 Note: Right of the 1 st born did not originate with Moses, but similar to other legislation, regulated an already existing practice (Gen. 25: 31 -32; 49; Ex. 13[note 1 st born esp. devoted to God, double portion of father’s inheritance, priesthood, 1 st fruits; N. T. Heb. 12: 22 -23 -- Punishment of a stubborn & rebellious son, 18 -21 Note: W/drawal in N. T. , 1 Cor. 5; Rom. 16: 17 -18; II Thess. 3; Tit. 3: 10 -11… [Parents would lead, ch. 13: 6 -11] -- Proper burial of an executed criminal, 22 -23 Note: John 19: 31, Jesus’ body removal

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). c. Social Laws, chs. 21 -26. 1) Various Social Laws, ch. 21 2) Various Social Laws, cont’d, ch. 22 Love cares for others’ property, 1 4 Warnings against violations of natural order, 5 12 maintaining distinctions between sexes, 5 Note: “The distinction between the sexes is natural and divinely established, and cannot be neglected without indecorum and consequent danger to purity (cp. I Cor. 11: 3 -15)” (Cook, 312). “Probably intended to prohibit such perversions as transvestism and homosexuality, especially under religious auspices. The God-created differences between men and women are not to be disregarded (see Lev. 18: 22; 20: 13)” (note from NIV Study Bible, Zondervan, 1995 edition). “Israel was to be a peculiar people in the sense of a distinctive people. Even their clothes were to make this clear. When a Christian is afraid of being thought ‘peculiar’ he is in danger of…backsliding” (God Spake by Moses, Oswald T. Allis, p. 147). -- sparing a mother bird, 6 -7 -- building a parapet for one’s roof, 8 -- unnatural combinations, 9 -11 wearing fringes or tassels, 12 [Num. 15: 38 39] Punishments for sexual immorality, 13 30

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). 3) Various Social Laws (cont’d) – Exclusions from Jehovah’s assembly, ch. 23 Note: Moses continues from home and domestic relations to instructions concerning the sanctity and purity of the assembly as a whole. It is significant to note that certain problems could not be cleansed by some sacrifice or washing. Israelites with these problems could not participate in public religious ceremonies. They were excluded from the assembly. This did not mean they could no longer live among Israel, but they could not participate in feasts such as Passover and others. Further, while it was not a sin to have leprosy, lepers were to live outside the camp. Other conditions in which one might find himself temporarily “unclean” did not mean he had sinned, but the specified laws pertaining to that condition had to be met or one would sin. Daniel was a eunuch, yet he was described as “greatly beloved” by God (Dan. 9: 23). Ruth was a Moabite who lived among Israel, but she could not participate in the public worship (Ruth 1: 4, 14 -19). Therefore, some were excluded from the public assembly worship of Israel. Specifically, Moses addresses: Who should be excluded from the assembly (1 -8). Cleanliness of the camp during war (9 -14). Reception of slaves (15 -16). Removal of religious prostitutes (17 -18). Prohibition of interest charged to an Israelite (19 -20). Vows (21 -23).

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). c. Social Laws, chs. 21 -26. 1) Various Social Laws, ch. 21 2) Various Social Laws, cont’d, ch. 22 3) Various Social Laws (cont’d) – Exclusions from Jehovah’s assembly , ch. 23 4) Law concerning divorce; miscellaneous laws re: injustices, ch. 24. Note: Through the Old Testament, the Hebrew word here translated “uncleanness” (KJV, NKJB) or “unseemly thing” (ASV) or “indecency” (NASB) which the husband finds, often has to do with something shameful, usually implying something of a sexual nature. However, it is difficult to be certain what this was for two reasons. First, uncertainty surrounds the word in translation as seen above from various translations, as well as from lexicographers and commentators (some translate it “nudity, …disgrace, blemish” [Strong], “indecency, improper behavior” [Brown, Driver, and Briggs], “shame, filthiness, …any defect found in a woman, …also ignominy, dishonor” [Gesenius], “nakedness, shame, disgrace, …a shameful thing” [Keil]). Second, whatever the unseemly thing was could not be fornication previously committed before marriage, or adultery after the marriage since both were punishable by death (see Deut. 22: 13 -21, 22). The woman of Deut. 24: 14 was not stoned, but could be married to someone else. Some speculate that it was a physical problem such as the inability to bear children which was considered a reproach. Whatever this problem was, the husband could divorce her because of it. By the first century, some Pharisees believed a husband could divorce his wife “for every cause” (Matt. 19: 3) citing this as proof.

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). c. Social Laws, chs. 21 -26. 1) Various Social Laws, ch. 21 2) Various Social Laws, cont’d, ch. 22 3) Various Social Laws (cont’d) – Exclusions from Jehovah’s assembly , ch. 23 4) Law concerning divorce; miscellaneous laws re: injustices, ch. 24. Divorce & remarriage, 1 4 Exemptions for newly married, 5 Miscellaneous laws relative to injustices, 6 22 5) Law concerning corporal punishment, Levirate marriages, & honest trade, ch. 25. Limit on corporeal punishment, 1 3 Ox not to be muzzled when working, 4 [I Cor. 9: 9 10] Levirate [levir, Lat. “a husband’s bro. ”] marriages, 5 10 (Gen. 38: 8, Ruth, Matt. 22: 24) Severe punishment to woman for immodest beh. , 11 12 Honest trade, 13 16 Order to exterminate Amalek, 17 19 6) Moses finishes 2 nd speech, ch. 26.

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). c. Social Laws, chs. 21 -26. 6) Moses finishes 2 nd speech, ch. 26. Note: Two rituals are here commanded which form thanksgiving offerings to Jehovah. They also have a connection to what precedes, and form a logical conclusion to Moses’ second speech. First, a ritual involving first fruits (vss. 1 -11) called on Israel to acknowledge God’s gracious dealings throughout their difficult history, and indicated God’s concern that they remember such kindness. Second, tithing “in the third year” (vss. 12 -15) for the benefit of Levites, sojourners, fatherless, and widows reminded them of others’ needs among Israel and concern that should be shown toward each other. Hence, in two ordinances they were reminded to maintain a proper attitude toward God and one another, which also summarized the Law. If they maintained these attitudes and kept these laws with all their heart and soul, God would be their God and they would be His

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). c. Social Laws, chs. 21 -26. 1) Various Social Laws, ch. 21 2) Various Social Laws, cont’d, ch. 22 3) Various Social Laws (cont’d) – Exclusions from Jehovah’s assembly , ch. 23 4) Law concerning divorce; miscellaneous laws re: injustices, ch. 24. 5) Law concerning corporal punishment, Levirate marriages, & honest trade, ch. 25. 6) Moses finishes 2 nd speech, ch. 26.

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 20 1) The Prophet like Moses, ch. 18 -- support of priests & Levites, 1 -8 -- Warning against obtaining info. from divination, 9 -14 -- The true prophet like Moses & how to test for such, 15 -22 2) Cities of Refuge, ch. 19. -- 3 cities for involuntary manslaughter, 1 -13 -- Property boundaries, 14 -- Punishment of perjury, 15 -21 3) Laws for warfare, ch. 20. -- Preliminaries to battle, 1 -9 -- Laws for the siege of a city, 10 -20 c. Social Laws, chs. 21 -26. 1) Various Social Laws, ch. 21 Lessons: 1. Describe the strength of character and honesty necessary for parents to carry out the instructions of verses 18 -21. _____ 2. The Law prompted a sense of compassion (note vss. 10 -14), as well as fairness (note vss. 15 -21). Explain. _________

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 20 1) The Prophet like Moses, ch. 18 -- support of priests & Levites, 1 -8 -- Warning against obtaining info. from divination, 9 -14 -- The true prophet like Moses & how to test for such, 15 -22 2) Cities of Refuge, ch. 19. -- 3 cities for involuntary manslaughter, 1 -13 -- Property boundaries, 14 -- Punishment of perjury, 15 -21 3) Laws for warfare, ch. 20. -- Preliminaries to battle, 1 -9 -- Laws for the siege of a city, 10 -20 c. Social Laws, chs. 21 -26. 1) Various Social Laws, ch. 21 -- Case of an unknown murderer, 1 -9 -- Treatment of a female war captive, 10 -14 -- Right of the 1 st born, 15 -17 -- Punishment of a stubborn & rebellious son, 18 -21 -- Proper burial of an executed criminal, 22 -23

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 20 1) The Prophet like Moses, ch. 18 -- support of priests & Levites, 1 -8 -- Warning against obtaining info. from divination, 9 -14 -- The true prophet like Moses & how to test for such, 15 -22 2) Cities of Refuge, ch. 19. -- 3 cities for involuntary manslaughter, 1 -13 -- Property boundaries, 14 -- Punishment of perjury, 15 -21 3) Laws for warfare, ch. 20. -- Preliminaries to battle, 1 -9 -- Laws for the siege of a city, 10 -20 c. Social Laws, chs. 21 -26. 1) Various Social Laws, ch. 21 2) Various Social Laws (cont’d), ch. 22 -- Love cares for others’ property, 1 -4 -- Warnings against violations of natural order, 5 -12 -- Punishments for sexual immorality, 13 -30

Outline of Deuteronomy 2) Various Social Laws (cont’d), ch. 22 -- Love cares for others’ property, 1 -4 -- Warnings against violations of natural order, 5 -12 -- Punishments for sexual immorality, 13 -30 Note, vss. 1 -4. Verses 1 -4 provide legislation intended to produce what we would consider consequences of love for another. Explain using the Golden Rule (Matt. 7: 12). ___________________ Note, vss. 5 -12. Legislation concerning social relations involved serious moral offences such as breaking the fifth commandment already studied (ch. 21: 18 -21), or what may have appeared as trivial matters here mentioned. However, one of the purposes of all this legislation was to make Israel distinct as the people of God. Inappropriate conduct is placed in the same category as mixing and matching things that are out of their natural order. (distinction between the sexes, sparing mother bird, parapet for one’s roof, unnatural combinations, wearing fringes with tassels) Note, vss. 13 -30. Punishments are described for questioning the virginity of a betrothed woman, adultery, one who seduces a betrothed woman, one who seduces a young unbetrothed woman, and incestuous relations. Considering New Testament teaching on sexual morality (I Cor. 6: 9 -10, 18; 7: 1 -7; I Thess. 4: 1 -8; Heb. 13: 4), has God’s requirements for purity in sexual matters changed? _____ -- What “penalty” do Christians give such sins now (I Cor. 5)? _________

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 20 1) The Prophet like Moses, ch. 18 -- support of priests & Levites, 1 -8 -- Warning against obtaining info. from divination, 9 -14 -- The true prophet like Moses & how to test for such, 15 -22 2) Cities of Refuge, ch. 19. -- 3 cities for involuntary manslaughter, 1 -13 -- Property boundaries, 14 -- Punishment of perjury, 15 -21 3) Laws for warfare, ch. 20. -- Preliminaries to battle, 1 -9 -- Laws for the siege of a city, 10 -20 c. Social Laws, chs. 21 -26. 1) Various Social Laws, ch. 21 2) Various Social Laws (cont’d), ch. 22 3) Various Social Laws (cont’d) – Exclusions from Jehovah’s assembly , ch. 23 4) Law concerning divorce; miscellaneous laws re: injustices, ch. 24. 5) Law concerning corporal punishment, Levirate marriages, & honest trade, ch. 25. 6) Moses finishes 2 nd speech, ch. 26.

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 20 c. Social Laws, chs. 21 -26. 6) Moses finishes 2 nd speech, ch. 26. -- 1 st fruits as thanksgiving offerings to God, 1 -11 -- Presentation of the 3 rd year tithe, 12 -15 -- Marriage between Jehovah & Israel, 16 -19

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 20 c. Social Laws, chs. 21 -26. 6) Moses finishes 2 nd speech, ch. 26. Note: Two rituals are here commanded which form thanksgiving offerings to Jehovah. They also have a connection to what precedes, and form a logical conclusion to Moses’ second speech. First, a ritual involving first fruits (vss. 1 -11; these were in addition to st fruits offered in connection with the Feast of Weeks) called on Israel to the 1 acknowledge God’s gracious dealings throughout their difficult history, and indicated God’s concern that they remember such kindness. Second, tithing “in the third year” (vss. 12 -15) for the benefit of Levites, sojourners, fatherless, and widows reminded them of others’ needs among Israel and concern that should be shown toward each other. Hence, in two ordinances they were reminded to maintain a proper attitude toward God and one another, which also summarized the Law. If they maintained these attitudes and kept these laws with all their heart and soul, God would be their God and they would be His holy people – a spiritual marriage (vss. 16 -19).

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 20 c. Social Laws, chs. 21 -26. 6) Moses finishes 2 nd speech, ch. 26. Note, vss. 16 -19. Two important points are here made. First, Israel declares that they accept Jehovah as their God and will walk in His way. Second, Jehovah’s law He had given was a practical confirmation of His promise that Israel should be His people of possession that would be exalted above all nations. Hence, both Jehovah and Israel are spiritually married. Note: With this Moses concludes his second speech. The last speech will detail more of the blessings coming with their faithfulness and curses with disobedience.

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Special Laws (chs. 12 -26 – laws observed when in land). a. Religious laws, chs. 12: 1 – 16: 17. b. Political laws, chs. 16: 18 – 20: 20 c. Social Laws, chs. 21 -26. 6) Moses finishes 2 nd speech, ch. 26. Lessons: 1. A common thread throughout Deuteronomy has been remembrance and thanksgiving, the former prompting the latter. Israel was to remember where they began as a nation (vss. 5 -9), how God had been faithful to His promise (vs. 10), and how this should bring _______ because of all the good God had given them (vs. 11). What New Testament parallels could be drawn? ____ 2. One of the purposes served by Israel’s keeping the Law was that they would become His “peculiar people” or “special people” (vs. 18), ultimately His ______ people (vs. 19). God would bless them physically and give them the land promised, but they were to reflect in their lives that special position by holiness in character. Is there any difference in principle between this and what God expects of Christians today? _____ Use Tit. 2: 11 -14 and I Pet. 2: 9 -12 and explain. _____

Outline of Deuteronomy

Outline of Deuteronomy III. Moses’ third speech – Blessings and curses (27 – 34) -- What God will do for Israel. (Re-emphasis of Israel’s responsibilities in the land) A. Ratification of covenant (chs. 27 30). 1. Law to be recorded at Ebal, ch. 27. 2. Consequences of obedience and disobedience, ch. 28. 3. Renewal of covenant and exhortations to keep it, chs. 29 30. B. Close of Moses’ life and works (chs. 31 34). 1. Moses’ final charge, appointment of Joshua, handing over of law to priests, ch. 31. 2. Song of Moses and announcement of his death, ch. 32. 3. Moses’ blessing of Israel, ch. 33. 4. Moses’ death, ch. 34.

Outline of Deuteronomy III. Moses’ third speech – Blessings and curses (27 – 34) -- What God will do for Israel. (Re-emphasis of Israel’s responsibilities in the land) Overview: In this third speech, Moses dwells more on the sanctions of the Law which were intended to encourage faithfulness – the blessings for faithfulness and curses for disobedience. He first instructs the law to be recorded on Mt. Ebal when in the land (ch. 27). In striking detail, he gives the future history of Israel as a nation. When chapter 28 is compared to Israel’s later history, one is astounded at the indisputable evidence of the Bible’s inspiration. There is no other way to account for such minutely detailed predictions fulfilled. Moses envisions Israel’s apostasy, but still encourages faithfulness (chs. 29 -30). Greater emphasis is given on curses than blessings (twelve curses, six blessings), likely due to the tendency of Israel to disobey. He writes this law in a book (ch. 31), writes a song for Israel to sing (ch. 32), and announces various blessings for the tribes (ch. 33). Afterward, God allows him to see the promised land, then Moses dies (ch. 34).

Outline of Deuteronomy III. Moses’ third speech – Blessings and curses (27 – 34) -- What God will do for Israel. (Re-emphasis of Israel’s responsibilities in the land) A. Ratification of covenant (chs. 27 30). 1. Law to be recorded at Ebal, ch. 27. The Law to be inscribed on stones at Mt. Ebal, 1 10. seen executed by Josh. 8: 30 35. Ebal & Gerizim were 2 mountains divided by a valley in which Shechem was situated, where God originally gave Abraham the land promise (Gen. 12: 7) – the heart & geographical center of the land God promised.

Outline of Deuteronomy III. Moses’ third speech – Blessings and curses (27 – 34) -- What God will do for Israel. (Re-emphasis of Israel’s responsibilities in the land) A. Ratification of covenant (chs. 27 30). 1. Law to be recorded at Ebal, ch. 27. The Law to be inscribed on stones at Mt. Ebal, 1 10. Note, vss. 5 7: One has suggested that the copy of the Law “as the standard of obedience of the Holy God, and expiatory sacrifice for failure to keep the Law and transgression against it, are brought together most impressively, just as the two Tables of the Ten Commandments were placed in the ark which was covered by the mercy-seat” (Allis, God Spake By Moses, p. 148). Note 2: Arrangement for the altar, offering of burnt and peace offerings, publishing the Law in written form, and eating a meal are all elements of ratifying a covenant, and recall the original granting of the Covenant at Sinai (see Ex. 24: 5 -11).

Outline of Deuteronomy III. Moses’ third speech – Blessings and curses (27 – 34) -- What God will do for Israel. (Re-emphasis of Israel’s responsibilities in the land) A. Ratification of covenant (chs. 27 30). 1. Law to be recorded at Ebal, ch. 27. The Law to be inscribed on stones at Mt. Ebal, 1 10. Arrangement of tribes to hear the blessings & curses, 11 14. Note: We noted before that Mt. Ebal was barren and rugged while Mt. Gerizim was smoother and more fertile. Therefore, a dramatic visual effect would have been unforgettable. As the two mountains were close, they would have served as an amphitheater for the pronouncing of the blessings and curses. Note 2: Many have noted the interesting way the tribes were divided. On Mt. Gerizim were six descendants of Jacob through Leah and Rachel. Those tribes by whom curses came were those descended from Zilpah, Leah’s handmaid (Gad and Asher), and Bilhah, Rachel’s handmaid (Dan and Naphtali). Zebulun and Reuben were both descended from Leah. Some speculate that Zebulun and Reuben were assigned to Mt. Ebal since Zebulun was Leah’s youngest, and Reuben had forfeited his birthright due to his sin with Bilhah (Gen. 35: 22; 49: 4).

Outline of Deuteronomy III. Moses’ third speech – Blessings and curses (27 – 34) -- What God will do for Israel. (Re-emphasis of Israel’s responsibilities in the land) A. Ratification of covenant (chs. 27 30). 1. Law to be recorded at Ebal, ch. 27. The Law to be inscribed on stones at Mt. Ebal, 1 10. Arrangement of tribes to hear the blessings & curses, 11 14. Curses read at Mt. Ebal, 15 26 Note: While these twelve sins are only a sampling, they were sins that for the most part might easily be concealed from judicial authorities. If the people agreed not to commit what might easily be hidden, there should not be much problem with more overt sins.

Outline of Deuteronomy III. Moses’ third speech – Blessings and curses (27 – 34) for Israel. (Re-emphasis of Israel’s responsibilities in the land) A. Ratification of covenant (chs. 27 30). 1. Law to be recorded at Ebal, ch. 27. -- What God will do The Law to be inscribed on stones at Mt. Ebal, 1 10. Arrangement of tribes to hear the blessings & curses, 11 14. Curses read at Mt. Ebal, 15 26 Note: The blessings are not here recorded but were included in the fulfillment of this requirement (Josh. 8: 34). Note 2: Some ask why the spot selected for setting up the stones on which the Law was written was Ebal and not Gerizim, or at least at some place in the valley between the two mountains? Would not a central place between the blessings and curses be more balanced? God does not specifically tell us why He commanded as He did on this occasion. However, we are told that a purpose of the Law was to define sin (Rom. 7: 7) and show its universality (Rom. 3: 19 -20, 23), so that all would see the need of a system other than the Law alone to atone for sin (Rom. 3: 21 -26). At least this is evident from Paul’s use of the last verse of this twenty-seventh chapter in Galatians: “For as many as are of the works of the law are under a curse: for it is written, Cursed is everyone who continues not in all things that are written in the book of the law, to do them. Now that no man is justified by the law before God, is evident” (Gal. 3: 10, 11). Therefore, it seems likely that God emphasized to Israel the significance of their sins by the curses pronounced. The altar would indicate the need for peace to exist between them and God. In a very visual way, God could have shown Israel the need of another system and awakened a desire for the Messiah who alone would take away the curse and bring a blessing.

Jacob’s well at Sychar located approximately here (Jno. 4).

Significance of Shechem between twin mountains (Ebal & Gerizim) in district of Samaria 1. Land promised originally to Abraham (Gen. 12: 6 7). 2. Jacob bought a parcel of ground (Gen. 33: 18 20) 3. Jacob commanded family to put away household idols (Gen. 35: 1 4). 4. Moses commanded to write the law on stones & plaster it (Deut. 27: 1 8 fulfilled Josh. 8: 30 35). 5. Joseph’s bones were buried after conquering land (Gen. 50: 24 25; Ex. 13: 19; Josh. 24: 32) 6. City of refuge (Josh. 20: 7) 7. Levitical city (Josh. 21: 21) 8. Later Abimelech will be made a city king (Jud. 9: 6), & southern tribes will make Rehoboam king. 9. Joshua, great man of faith, gives last & farewell address (Josh. 24).

An overview of modern Shechem from Mt. Gerizim. The low mound of the ancient city can be seen on the left.

Shechem, as seen from Mount Gerizim. Mount Ebal in the background

Looking northwest. -- Shechem in valley -- Mt. Gerizim to the left (southwest) -- Mt. Ebal to the right (northeast).

Mt. Gerizim

Mt. Ebal

Shechem in foreground; Ebal in background

Outside “Jacob’s well. ” Ebal in background

Outline of Deuteronomy III. Moses’ third speech – Blessings and curses (27 – 34) -- What God will do for Israel. (Re-emphasis of Israel’s responsibilities in the land) A. Ratification of covenant (chs. 27 30). 1. Law to be recorded at Ebal, ch. 27. The Law to be inscribed on stones at Mt. Ebal, 1 10. Arrangement of tribes to hear the blessings & curses, 11 14. Curses read at Mt. Ebal, 15 26 Lesson: This chapter has all the elements for a godly life. God’s word (Law) was in the heart of Israel’s land, easily accessible to all. An altar on which burnt-offerings were offered signified a consecrated and wholly dedicated life. Peace offerings indicated the need for fellowship and peace with God. Blessings provided hope, curses deterrents to sin. Visually, the fertility of Gerizim and barrenness of Ebal provided stark contrasts as to what awaited them in the future if they obeyed or disobeyed. Is there any difference in principle as to how God dealt with Israel and how He deals with Christians under the New Covenant?

Outline of Deuteronomy

Outline of Deuteronomy

Outline of Deuteronomy

Outline of Deuteronomy I. Moses’ first speech (1: 1 – 4: 43) -- What God has done for Israel. (History of Israel’s wanderings) II. Moses’ second speech (4: 44 – 26: 19) -- What God expects of Israel. III. Moses’ third speech – Blessings and curses (27 – 34) -- What God will do for Israel. (Re-emphasis of Israel’s responsibilities in the land) A. Ratification of covenant (chs. 27 -30). 1. Law to be recorded at Ebal, ch. 27. 2. Consequences of obedience and disobedience, ch. 28. a. The blessings, 1 -14 -- conditioned upon obedience, 1 -2. -- personal (3 -6), national (7 -14). b. The curses, 15 -68. -- counterpart, 16 -19 -- Disease, famine, & war, 20 -26 -- Loathsome diseases of body & humiliating calamities, 27 -34 --Subjugation & final captivity by strangers resulting from their isolation from God, 35 -46 -- Deliverance as slaves to nations they did not understand, & terrible description of cannibalism previous to that deliverance, 47 -57. [Lev. 26: 27 -29; 2 Kings 6: 24 -30, Israel; Jer. 19: 9; Lam. 2: 20; 4: 10, J] -- Israel would be uprooted from land, dispersed among other nations, and chastisement would be of long duration, 58 -68.

Outline of Deuteronomy Lessons, ch. 28: 1. What determined whether Israel received blessings or curses? 2. Is there any difference in this principle between His covenant then & now (Matt. 7: 13 -14)? 3. Curses eventually came on Israel, & none could say he had not been warned. What might be the reason these curses are described in much greater detail than the blessings? Is it that God delights in emphasizing the misery of those cursed? 4. What might this suggest as to why God tells us about hell & torment the disobedient face? 5. Should our teaching & preaching reflect such, & if so, explain. 6. These blessings & curses actually write Israel’s history in advance. They are prophecies. What should such produce in us when we see God’s word fulfilled in the finest detail hundreds of years later? (I Cor. 10: 11 & Rom. 15: 4 provide help).

Outline of Deuteronomy

Outline of Deuteronomy

Outline of Deuteronomy

Outline of Deuteronomy Note, 29: 19: The meaning of the last part of verse 19 seems obscure as seen from various translations – “to add drunkenness to thirst” (KJV); “to destroy the moist with the dry” (ASV); “as though the drunkard could be included with the sober” (NKJB); “…bring disaster on the watered land as well as the dry” (NIV and NASB is similar). Keil states that it is “a proverbial expression…taken…from the land transferred to persons or souls…so that…in this sense, ‘to destroy all, both those who have drunk its poison, and those also who are still thirsting for it. ’” Alexander says, “the general meaning is…that the effect of such hardness of heart would be to destroy one and all. ” Altogether, verses 16 -20 teach this: You have seen the abominable ways of idolatry among the heathen. Don’t let there be anyone among you who turns his heart to these and away from Jehovah. If, in the vain imaginations of one’s own heart, he believes he can do so secretly and get away with it, let him know that not only will he be destroyed, but he will also corrupt others and cause them to be destroyed with him.

Outline of Deuteronomy Note, 29: In this specific context, things “revealed” would include the law with its blessings and curses; things “secret” or unrevealed would refer to the manner in which God would work out those blessings and curses in the future. What God thought needful to reveal, He did so, and this was necessary for the good of that and succeeding generations that they might know the Law and do it. This is a great lesson to us. Israel’s chief concern and ours was/is to learn what God has revealed and do it. How God carries out His will as well as matters upon which He has not spoken should not be of any concern to us.

Outline of Deuteronomy

Outline of Deuteronomy Note on 30: 11 -14: Paul uses this passage in Romans 10: 6 -8 with parenthetical words of his own, adapting it to the gospel. Moses points out that Israel had no excuse for rebellion; God’s Law was within easy reach. Paul’s use of this was that though the Law had been within easy reach, righteousness by it was unattainable. Now, righteousness can be found in Christ due to one’s being forgiven, all of which is attainable and within easy reach for all people.

Outline of Deuteronomy

Outline of Deuteronomy Ch. 30 – Continuation of Renewal of covenant & exhortations to keep it -- Forgiveness would come when penitent, 1 -10 -- Possibility of obedience, 11 -14. -- “I have set before thee this day life & good, & death & evil, 15 -20. Lessons: 1. Some among Israel may have been led to believe that apostasy was inevitable, and it was God’s fault. However, verses 1 -10 indicate that God’s attitude was what toward them? ______ 2. Was any part of the Law unknowable to Israel, hidden from them and too far above for them to understand? _______. If it had been, whose fault would it have been? __________ 3. The only part of the Law they did not need to be concerned about was what (29: 29)? _______

Outline of Deuteronomy

Outline of Deuteronomy B. Close of Moses’ life and works (chs. 31 -34). 1. Moses’ final charge, appointment of Joshua, handing over of law to priests, ch. 31. Note: This begins the closing scenes and final part of Moses’ last speech. Death is approaching. This is his last and intense effort to influence the nation toward Jehovah. Before he dies and in order to carry the work forward, he hands over the task of leading Israel to Joshua, and the law to the priests who would deposit it into the ark.

Outline of Deuteronomy B. Close of Moses’ life and works (chs. 31 -34). 1. Moses’ final charge, appointment of Joshua, handing over of law to priests, ch. 31. -- Final charge to Israel, 1 -6. -- Final charge to Joshua, 7 -8. -- Provision for reading the Law, 9 -13. -- Divine charge to Moses & Joshua; inst. For Song of Moses, 14 -23 * Joshua was aware of the Lord’s foreknowledge, but still responsible to lead Israel into Promised Land. Also knew that his responsibility included striving to prevent such apostasy. He did this faithfully during his life (Josh. 24: 31). However, as a witness to Jehovah’s foreknowledge & warning to Israel, God had Moses write this song (19, 30). * Reading the Law was necessary to maintain faithfulness (9 -13). Without it, knowledge of God & His ways cannot be known. Direct relation between lack of knowledge of God & apostasy (Hos. 4: 6 ff).

Outline of Deuteronomy B. Close of Moses’ life and works (chs. 31 -34). 1. Moses’ final charge, appointment of Joshua, handing over of law to priests, ch. 31. 2. Song of Moses & announcement of his death, ch. 32. Note: This song was composed by God’s command (ch. 31: 19), and was to be recited and taught to Israel (ch. 31: 22). Overall, its theme is a contrast between God’s faithfulness and love, and Israel’s unfaithfulness and rebellion. The speech and chapter outlined follows: I. Introduction, vss. 1 -3. II. Jehovah is blameless and faithful, while Israel acts unrighteously and ungraciously, vss. 4 -18. III. Jehovah’s punishment of Israel was righteous, vss. 19 -33. IV. Jehovah fulfilled His purpose in judgment, and would show mercy on Israel while destroying her enemies, vss. 34 -43. V. Moses teaches song to Israel and encourages faithfulness, vss. 4447. VI. Jehovah calls Moses to ascend Mount Nebo for his death, vss. 48 -52

Outline of Deuteronomy 2. Song of Moses & announcement of his death, ch. 32. Introduction, vss. 1 -3. II. Jehovah is blameless and faithful, while Israel acts unrighteously and ungraciously, vss. 4 -18. III. Jehovah’s punishment of Israel was righteous, vss. 19 -33. IV. Jehovah fulfilled His purpose in judgment, and would show mercy on Israel while destroying her enemies, vss. 34 -43. V. Moses teaches song to Israel and encourages faithfulness, vss. 4447. VI. Jehovah calls Moses to ascend Mount Nebo for his death, vss. 48 -52 Note: As the beginning of the song appeals to heaven and earth to hear and give glory to Jehovah, it similarly closes with an appeal to Gentiles to rejoice with His faithful people on account of His righteous acts. Paul uses verse 43 in Romans 15: 10 to show that both Jews and Gentiles should praise Jehovah for the blessings both can enjoy in the gospel, and for His righteous judgments.

Outline of Deuteronomy 3. Moses’ blessing of Israel, ch. 33. Note: Before Moses ascended Mt. Nebo he did one more thing – He blessed the specific tribes of Israel. This was likely on the same day as the song was recorded in the preceding chapter (32). That song emphasized curses and calamities that were coming on Israel because of their apostasy. This chapter records the blessings of God’s favor which they could enjoy. Both were appropriate for the occasion: One was a farewell warning while the other was a farewell benediction. The chapter is divided overall into three sections: 1) Introduction, vss. 1 -5; 2) Blessings on individual tribes, vss. 6 -25; and 3) Conclusion with praise to Jehovah for His support of Israel against their enemies, vss. 26 -29. From verse 1, the writer distinguishes himself from Moses, indicating that these blessings were not written down by Moses himself, as the song was in chapter 32, but were simply given in the presence of the assembled tribes.

Outline of Deuteronomy B. Close of Moses’ life and works (chs. 31 -34). 1. Moses’ final charge, appointment of Joshua, handing over of law to priests, ch. 31. 2. Song of Moses and announcement of his death, ch. 32. 3. Moses’ blessing of Israel, ch. 33. 4. Moses’ death, ch. 34.

Outline of Deuteronomy 4. Moses’ death, ch. 34. Note: We can approximate the time of year Moses died. His speeches began the 40 th year, 11 th month, and 1 st day (Deut. 1: 3). Since Israel crossed the Jordan the 1 st month, 10 th day of the next year (Josh. 4: 19), and thirty days preceding had been spent in mourning over Moses (Deut. 34: 8), this would mean that Moses died approximately thirty days before, or about the 12 month, 10 th day. Since Passover falls anywhere from the middle of March to the middle of April in our year (1 st month, 14 th day of the Jewish year), then the 12 th month, 10 th day of the Jewish year would have fallen somewhere between the middle of February to the middle of March. While we cannot know precisely, it would have been late winter. On a clear winter day with no modern smog over Canaan, and with good eyesight, Moses’ ability to see everything this chapter claims he saw is easily understandable. We say this for at least two reasons. First, we can estimate the time of these speeches, Moses’ death, and the beginning work of Joshua. Second, some commentators state that God gave Moses miraculous eyesight to see the Promised Land. God makes a special point of Moses’ good sight (vs. 7). Miraculous help for this would not be needed.

Outline of Deuteronomy 4. Moses’ death, ch. 34. -- Moses’ death, 1 -8 Note, vs. 1: Moses would have looked north to the land east of the Jordan. This “Dan” was likely in northern Gilead. It is interesting to consider that to the far north, Moses would have been able to see a snow-capped mountain on which he would later appear with Elijah to Peter, James and John, when Jesus Christ was transfigured before them. On that occasion, he and Elijah would speak to Jesus about His coming death (Lk. 9: 30 -31). That location was Mount Hermon. Note, vs. 5: To the very end, God’s faithfulness to His word is emphasized. And, as faithful a man as Moses was, his sin had to be punished. Note, vs. 6: Though we cannot say for certain, it could have been at this time that Michael contended with the devil over Moses’ body (see Jude 9). However, the details of that argument and its outcome are not recorded.

Outline of Deuteronomy 4. Moses’ death, ch. 34. -- Moses’ death, 1 -8 Note Moses’ physical condition, vs. 7: This was likely stated to indicate the special circumstance of his death. He did not die of old age or from natural causes, but due to an execution of God’s sentence on account of his sin. -- Testimony concerning Moses, 9 -12 Vss. 10 -12 describe the great & unique position Moses sustained in the scheme of redemption.

Outline of Deuteronomy 4. Moses’ death, ch. 34. -- Moses’ death, 1 -8 -- Testimony concerning Moses, 9 -12 Vss. 10 -12 describe the great & unique position Moses sustained in the scheme of redemption. No prophet had arisen since Moses who was comparable to him. From this we may deduce that this last chapter was added sometime later. Furthermore, Moses was one of the spiritual giants of the Scripture. He was a prophet, and the founder, lawgiver, and mediator of the Old Covenant. Yet as great a prophet as Moses was, he himself had prophesied that “the Lord thy God will raise up for you a prophet from your midst, from your brethren. Him you shall hear” (Deut. 18: 15). “As long as this covenant was to last, no prophet could arise in Israel like unto Moses. There is but One who is worthy of greater honor than Moses, namely, the Apostle and High Priest of our profession, who is placed as the Son over all the house of God, in which Moses was found faithful as a servant (compare Heb. 3: 2 -6 with Num. 12: 7), Jesus Christ, the founder and mediator of the new and everlasting covenant” (Keil, 517).