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Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments Zdeňka Urešová Institute of Formal Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments Zdeňka Urešová Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments

Outline PART I: § Prague Dependency Treebank (PDT) § Functional Generative Description (FGD) § Outline PART I: § Prague Dependency Treebank (PDT) § Functional Generative Description (FGD) § Our Valency Concept § Valency Lexicon: PDT-VALLEX PART II. : § Diathesis § Formal Transformation Rules § Text Generation SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments 2

Prague Dependency Treebank (PDT) l. PDT 2. 0 lhttp: //ufal. mff. cuni. cz/pdt 2. Prague Dependency Treebank (PDT) l. PDT 2. 0 lhttp: //ufal. mff. cuni. cz/pdt 2. 0/ l. LDC release 2006 a project for manual annotation of Czech written texts at different grammatical levels to: - test and preserve the linguistic theory - apply and test machine learning methods ÚFAL, Charles University in Prague Effort: ~ 60 people, $3, 5 mil. , 10 years SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments 3

Functional Generative Description (FGD) Framework for PDT Main characteristics: (Sgall, Hajičová, Panevová – since Functional Generative Description (FGD) Framework for PDT Main characteristics: (Sgall, Hajičová, Panevová – since the 1960’s) dependency-based formal framework multilayered approach tectogrammatical layer (deep syntax) valency modified + extended for PDT data two syntactic layers (surface and underlying) l more formalization of grammatical information SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments 4

Our Valency Concept Valency: a specific ability of a word to combine with other Our Valency Concept Valency: a specific ability of a word to combine with other lexical units. . . according to: the type of dependency inner participants vs. free modifications (arguments vs. adjuncts) SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA the presence in the deep structure obligatory vs. optional modifications (the dialogue test) Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments 5

Inner Participant … … Free Modification ACT(or), PAT(ient) ADDR(essee), EFF(ect), ORIG(in) (5) Location (LOC, Inner Participant … … Free Modification ACT(or), PAT(ient) ADDR(essee), EFF(ect), ORIG(in) (5) Location (LOC, DIR 1, …) Time (TWHEN, TTILL, …), Manner, Intention, … (70) §each occurs just with particular verbs §can modify in principle any verb §each modifies the verb only once (in a clause) §can be repeated (within the same clause) SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments 6

Obligatory? … Optional? „The Dialogue Test“ Answering a question about a semantically obligatory modification, Obligatory? … Optional? „The Dialogue Test“ Answering a question about a semantically obligatory modification, the speaker cannot say: I don't know. A: John left. B: From where? A: *I don't know. „from where“ obligatory SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA A: John left. B: To where? A: I don't know. „to where“ modification optional modification Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments 7

Valency Frame Contents: Structure: obligatory optional argument adjunct § functor § obligatoriness § surface Valency Frame Contents: Structure: obligatory optional argument adjunct § functor § obligatoriness § surface form one meaning of the word one valency frame word: leave meaning 1: sb left sth meaning 2: sb left from somewhere SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments frame 1: ACT PAT frame 2: ACT DIR 1 8

Valency Lexicon: PDT-Vallex § 11000 verb senses / valency frames § 9000 noun senses Valency Lexicon: PDT-Vallex § 11000 verb senses / valency frames § 9000 noun senses / valency frames § some adjectives and adverbs PDT-VALLEX Entry verb: dosáhnout meaning 1: to reach sth meaning 2: to get sb to do sth meaning 3: … meaning 4: … SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments 9

The PDT-Vallex editor senses: ‘lay down’ resign win ask SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA The PDT-Vallex editor senses: ‘lay down’ resign win ask SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments 10

Corpus Valency Lexicon Corpus: l Sentence 2035: ………. l Lexicon: SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, Corpus Valency Lexicon Corpus: l Sentence 2035: ………. l Lexicon: SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA Sentence 15345: ………. Sentence 51042: ENTRY: uzavřít vf 1: ACT(. 1) CPHR({smlouva}. 4) ex: u. dohodu (close a contract) vf 2: ACT(. 1) PAT(. 4) ex. : u. pokoj (close a room, house) Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments 11

Diathesis (grammatical voice) describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb Diathesis (grammatical voice) describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments each diathesis requires certain inflection or analytic form(s) of the verb triggers syntactically-based transformations of verb argument realization (form of expression) in Czech (other languages too) primary diathesis vs. secondary diathesis SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments 12

Approaches to Diathesis What should be classed as diathesis? alternations syntactically based + semantically Approaches to Diathesis What should be classed as diathesis? alternations syntactically based + semantically based (Levin’s alternations not included – „oriented too much on lexical semantics“) The farmers loaded the truck with hay / hay on the truck To climb the mountain / up the mountain To send him a letter / a letter to USA TWO DIFFERENT valency frames = TWO DIFFERENT senses SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments 13

Secondary Diathesis ACT deep subject PAT deep object - passivization (reflexive voice) Ten dům Secondary Diathesis ACT deep subject PAT deep object - passivization (reflexive voice) Ten dům už se prodal. 0 Lit: The house already Refl. sold. - passivization (periphrastic voice) Ten dům byl prodán agenturou. The house has-been sold by-theagency. - dispositional modality Čeština se mi studuje dobře. Lit: Czech Refl. to-me studies easily. - resultative (to have/to get + participle) Jiří dostal přidáno. [by ? ? ? ] Lit. : George got [it] raised. - reciprocity SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA Jana a Petr se potkali. Lit. : Jane and Peter Refl. met. Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments 14

Formal description of diathesis PDT-Vallex records only canonical realization (form) of the verbal arguments Formal description of diathesis PDT-Vallex records only canonical realization (form) of the verbal arguments (primary diathesis) mismatch during the formal checking of PDT data (because of secondary diathesis) NEEDED: explicit description of all surface realizations for: a) formal checking PDT Vallex <-> corpus b) automatic Natural Language Generation SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments 15

Valency & Form PDT-VALLEX Entry: kupovat (to buy) ACT(. 1) PAT(. 4) ? ADDR(. Valency & Form PDT-VALLEX Entry: kupovat (to buy) ACT(. 1) PAT(. 4) ? ADDR(. 3; pro+4) ? ORIG(od+2) functor (argument) + obligatoriness + surface form Surface form of a functor (examples): ACT in nominative (he buys) PAT in accusative (she buys a book) ADDR in dative (she bought him a book) or preposition pro + accusative (she bought a book for him) … etc. . but it is not always so simple (as we have already seen)! SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments 16

Formal Transformation Rules in Diathesis I Passivization ACT deep subject stavět (to build) ACT Formal Transformation Rules in Diathesis I Passivization ACT deep subject stavět (to build) ACT (. 1) PAT(. 4) ? ORIG (z+2) PAT deep object Primary diathesis: Jan staví dům John is-building a-house Secondary diathesis (passivization): reflexive voice: Dům se staví (Lit: : A-house Refl. builds) periphrastic voice: Dům je stavěn Janem (A-house is-being built by-John) l l ACT/Sbj: Nom. -> or Instr. PAT/Obj: Acc. -> Nom. SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments 17

Formal Transformation Rules in Diathesis II Dispositional modality ACT deep subject studovat (to study) Formal Transformation Rules in Diathesis II Dispositional modality ACT deep subject studovat (to study) ACT (. 1) PAT(. 4) PAT deep object Primary d. : Karel studuje historii Charles studies history Secondary d. (disp. modality): Historie se Karlovi studuje snadno Lit: History Refl. to-Charles studies easily ACT/Sb: Nom. -> Dat. l PAT/Obj: Acc. -> Nom. . plus a structural condition: l reflexive particle „se“ added for the predicate verb, active infl. stays SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments 18

Formal Transformation Rules in Diathesis III Reciprocity ACT deep subject setkat se (to meet) Formal Transformation Rules in Diathesis III Reciprocity ACT deep subject setkat se (to meet) ACT (. 1) PAT(s+7) PAT deep object Primary diathesis: Jan se setkal s Marií Lit. : John Refl. met with Mary = John met Mary Secondary diathesis (reciprocity): Jan a Marie se setkali Lit: John and Mary Refl. met = John and Mary met (each other) ACT/Sb: no change (Nom. ) l PAT/Obj: Instr. -> Nom. . plus a structural condition: Coordination, and a special node for reciprocity (#Rcp; ) l SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments 19

Valency and Text Generation Using valency for. . . getting the correct (lemma, tag) Valency and Text Generation Using valency for. . . getting the correct (lemma, tag) of verb arguments Example: l. VALLEX entry: starat (se) ACT(. 1) PAT(o. [. 4]) starat V. . . starat_se “to take care of” PRED Martin ACT tygr PAT l“tiger” Martin se. . 1. . . Martin SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA o. . . . “Martin tygr. . 4. . takes se stará o tygry. Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments care of tigers. ” 20

Conclusion We have demonstrated formal approach to diatheses in the PDT 2. 0 valency Conclusion We have demonstrated formal approach to diatheses in the PDT 2. 0 valency lexicon PDT-Vallex: - relation between arguments and their forms - transformation rules for diatheses Used in full PDT 2. 0 consistency checking (PDT data vs. PDT-Vallex) natural language generation Future plans automatic expansion of PDT-Vallex - more flexible transformation rules - more flexible checking rules SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments 21

http: //ufal. mff. cuni. cz/pdt 2. 0 Thank you for your attention SLS 2008, http: //ufal. mff. cuni. cz/pdt 2. 0 Thank you for your attention SLS 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA Diathesis and Transformations of Surface Expressions of Valency Arguments 22