DIANTHUS Carnation Dianthus caryophyllus 3 rd in the

DIANTHUS Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) 3 rd in the world Has been known 2000 years a go from mediteranian Planting on 16 century in English, France, German. STI 06 1

At Beginning : flower petal have 1 bunga 1 lapis (merah, putih dan pink) Wiliam Sim (breeder) 1939 – 1939 gets new hybrid cultivar Colourfull, stem and big flower. Annual become cut flower o 2 type : o o o o SPRAY and STANDAR : maintain 1 branch 1 big flower on terminal shoot. Lateral shoot must be cut off. SPRAY : terminal shoot cut off, maintain lateral shoot. STI 06 2

Type Standard STI 06 3

STI 06 Tipe Spray 4

Growth Requirement o o o Origin from subtropical cool weather In Tropical high land temperature 10 – 200 C Temperature influence the generatif growth of plant At high temperature plant can grow faster but the flower is small and have small stalk, weak. If different temperature at day light and night > 100 C many callyx had broken (calyx splitting) In Indonesia, ideal altitude 1000 m above sea level o Temperature <160 C dan day-light <300 C o Light intensity need high enough 21. 5 klux (2000 fc) o With avarage rate of lighting 10 hours / day Media : soil-fertile , if soil – clay – sandy whether rich organic material Good, and p. H 6 – 7 o o STI 06 5

PLANT MAINTENANCE o o o Reconstruction shading house for the plant Preparing the field Prepare irrigation facilities Prepare for seedling Planting o Watering o Pinching o Fertilizing o Disbudding o Weeding o Netting o Straighting o Handling Pest and Disease STI 06 6

Reconstruction of shading house o o o o In Indonesia This plant growing in shading-net house, for protecting of rain High humidity caused plant easy to attacked blossom-end root , stem, karat daun and spoiled flower. Shading – used – transparant plastic better also covered by anti ultra violet for long time. Thickness of plastic 200 mikron with contain of UV 6% until 12% At normal condition plastic 1. 5 – 2 years Construction of shading net made by bamboo, wood, iron(besi) depend on financial capital Principal roof of shading-net must high > = 3 m If < 3 m the temperature inside very hot Beside – bottom covered by plastic 1 m above the ground up side used insect screen for air sirculation too STI 06 7

Prepare for the field o o o o Land cultivation accurate important to calculate productivity and predict of quality dianthus Fertile soil porous water easy Oxigen can go into the soil Root of dianthus can reach until deepth 1 m cultivating land within deep of 40 cm Basic fertilizing Organic material high, in new land + 50 % Pukan + 50% compost or 3 – 4 m 3 per 100 m 2 + TSP 6, 7 kg + 16 kg PS + 13 kg KCl + 5 kg Mg. SO 4 Ph 6 – 7 (if < 6 + dolomite) Must be sterilization – media & field to avoid Rhizotonia solani, Fusarium, Phytium and nematode – Basamid/Vapam Basamid 40 gram per m 2 can increased become 80 m gram whether soil previously nematode exist inside. STI 06 8

o o o First, watering land until wet basamid effective Beside spread, basamid also can dissolved in water 200 g/10 liter air for 5 m 2 field (more safety because become poison if smell it must be mixing Flatern – compact – sprayed – covered with plastic for basamid gas not smell out open after 2 weeks If each of weeks 2 x soil should open and mixing efective of gas Handling nematode and weeding STI 06 9

Prepare for planting Cultivate spread – flatern make row length 1 m North – South , length of row same with length of shading house (< = 25 m, ) o Width of row 50 cm, o Height Row 10 cm o Row flattering by wood or bamboo After flatter, sprayed herbicide pra growing Goal 2 E 1. 5 cc/l vol solution 10 liter per 100 m 2 2 days before planting o Irrigation System Instalation (sprinkler/drip) o Shading net 12/5 cm x 12. 5 cm o o STI 06 10

Prepare for Seedling o o o Seed Rooted cutting age 3 week with height 15 cm (origin from Netherland Spanyol ) – immediately planting. Seedling must be free from pest and disease (by Phytosanitary Certificate from breeders) Require for planting Flower colour consument preference Fulfill the consument request. STI 06 11

o o o Indonesia like standard dianthus like red, yellow, white, orange, mix 2 colour and combining purple. Interest in Spray only 5 % East Asia dan Tim. Teng – spray 50%, more interest mix colour and purple Seed rooted – 1998 price 0. 4 -0. 5 NLG harga include delivery until Cengkareng – and seed should not replant again, so it’s only for 1 production. First, Aclimatization before planting. If the field not ready yet, put seed in cold storage for 2 weeks with temperature 5 – 60 C STI 06 12

Plant spacing o o If it harvested 1 x : 40 - 48 seedling/m 2 2 – 3 x harvest : 32 – 36 seedling /m 2 more than 3 x : decrease of productivity Planting at afternoon no stress. Upside the row, should gived shading-net 50% at early planting, released after 1 mst. Planting not too deep, the bottom of stem appear in the surface of the soil (prevent busuk pangkal batang affected by Rizoctonia atau Phytium) STI 06 13

Watering o o o Watering much enough use green sprinkler time of watering 5 minute purpose plant can contact with soil and the young dianthus keep wellmoisture to decrease transpiration. At 1 st weeks frequent of watering : 2 -3 x / day If irrigation with drip use powersprayer / pesticide sprayer. STI 06 14

o o o 4 – 7 day after plant look fresh the frequent of watering reduce 2 – 3 x per weeks. After pinching plant not allowed to watering 1– 2 weeks ( to stimulate the root growth ) Watering if the condition of soil dry enough with giving more water until kapasitas lapang O 2 can pressure enter to the soil because root growth deep enough. STI 06 15

Pinching o o After 3 – 4 weeks, from shoot of leaf appear lateral shoot (productive shoot) be a flower. Make faster lateral shoot growth pinching terminal shoot Pinching with hand, maintain 5 – 6 couple of leaves – expecting growth 4 – 5 lateral shoot of node Pinching at 2 – 4 weeks after planting in early morning ( fresh plant and easy to pinch do it continuously and step by step because seed can not grow all together. STI 06 16

Type of pinching as the type of plant and pattern of production o Single pinch Pinching 1 x in terminal shoot – harvest time can calculate and flower 1 st grade. o Pinch and a half Single pinch lateral shoot 10 cm, with cut it ½ from lenghth of lateral shoot leaved 2 -3 couple of leaves. This type pattern do it when rest time ( masa tenggang ) of flower between 1 st flushing and 2 nd flushing enough so it can make stabilize the production, havest time rather difficult to predict relatively production higher but flower prosentage quality 1 < o Double pinch same with Pinch and a half, but in active shoot pinching again target 1 x harvest – 1 x flush. This pattern well done in area that in 1 years having a long period of month very hot. STI 06 17

Disbudding o o A Method which shoot and flower that not necessary put off so that maintain flower bigger. Standar type put off all flower and lateral shoot at bottom of flower until 7 th shoot from bottom or in the 8 th node do it immediately. Tipe spray put off shoot terminal on lateral shoot and also 5 -7 th lateral shoot from bottom of flower do it immediately. STI 06 18

Because of the lateral shoot not growing all together disbudding step by step 4 -7 days Weeding o Must be handle if not It’s can be potential place for pest and disease. o Wide leave cut off but narrow leave put off without damaged the dianthus root. o STI 06 19

Netting o o 20 20 20 15 10 Nylon and wire no. 18 Benang nilon atau kawat seng no 18 paralel crosswise plait with no 20 (smaller ) with measure 12. 5 – 12. 5 cm Each distance 3 m there is pole / bamboo / supporting wire. cm cm 100 cm STI 06 20

Straighting o At vegetatif phase (2 – 4 month), every 2 days or in the next stage every 3 days again. o Well done in the afternoon when plant flexible enough not make plant broken. STI 06 21

Fertilizing o o N P K Ca Mg Characteristic of fertilizer soluble and dissolvedwell mix when watering ( fertigation ) If fertilizer difficult to get applied g/m 2 twice every weeks. April – September NPK 15 ; 15 = 13. 38, KCl = 12. 8, Urea = 5. 06, Mg. SO 4 = 2. 8 , Ca(NO 3)2 = 3 Oktober – Maret NPK 15 ; 15 = 20, KCl =27. 25, Urea = 4. 4, Mg. SO 4 2. 8, Ca(NO 3)2 = 3 Controling EC and p. H STI 06 22

Handling pest and disease Main purpose : to decrease and pressthe growth of pest and disease diantus easy to attacked disease – when the condition is not healthy enough because less mineral and less support of environtment. o o Karat daun Penyebab adalah cendawan Uromyces caryophilinus, bercak kuning kecoklatan dibagian bawah daun, tampak tepung coklat kemerahan (spora cendawan) Terjadi karena daun terlalu lembab Tiezine (2 g/l), Derosal (1 cc/l) atau Anvil (1 cc/l) preventif 1 – 2 minggu 1 x -- Daun yang telah terkena – potong dan buang Busuk pangkal batang Timbul bila lahan tidak disteril dan penanaman terlalu dalam Gejala batang layu dan batang busuk berwarna coklat kehitaman Previcur 1. 5 cc/l, Rovral 92 g/l) atau Ditahane 2 g/l STI 06 23

o o o Layu batang Menyerang pada flush/krop kedua, saat tangkai bekas bunga yang telah dipotong menjadi kering dan menjuntai kebawah menjangkiti tunas yang tumbuh dibawahnya – Rovral Busuk bunga Penyebab cendawan Botrytis cinerea – timbul saat musim hujan, udara sangat lembab dan bunga, bunga yang lama disimpan dalam coldstorage juga mudah terkena Rovral pada saat udara lembab, banyak hujan dan kabut Kutu jingga atau red spider Banyak saat musim panas dan kelembaban udara rendah Ada di daun dan kelopak bunga – mengisap cairan tanaman sehingga daun maupun bunga menjadi kering -- Omite 1 cc/l, Mitac 1 cc/l, Nissorum 1 cc/l bila parah Agrimec 0. 5 cc/l STI 06 24

o o Thrips Menyerang tanaman yang telah berbunga Menyerang mahkota bunga dengan mengisap cairan bunga yang telah mekar maupun yang kuncup Bunga merah menjadi belang putih dan bung terlihat kering Confidor 0. 5 cc/l setiap minggu Ulat Menyerang tanaman disemua umur. Tunas apical dimakan pada tanamn muda Pada tanaan tua menyerang mahkota bunga Pestisida kontak Matador 0. 5 cc/l, Buldok 0. 5 cc/l atau sistemik Tamaron 1 cc/l atau turex 2 g/l Pengunaan sebaiknya selang seling per bulan agar hama tidak resisten STI 06 25

Harvest and Post Harvest o o After 5 – 6 month after planting depend on variety harvest interval until 1, 5 – 2 years. Harvested when flower open up to avoid broken of sepal flower when post harvest. Standard type flattern side – harvest when flower a half rise (pinch brush) quickly the flower risen up (Candy, Hellas, Orange Triumph) Standar jagged side -- harvest when size of flower ¾ open up flower rather slowly growth difficult to open up after cutting it (Murcia, Ragio de Sole, Espana) STI 06 26

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o o o o Spray – there’s 3 flower complete open up and some flower had a half open up. If market not clearly harvest when the petal still cloesed keep it to cold storage. Harvested in early morning fresh flower cut sideways at 7 th node or 8 th from the bottom of flower use sharp knife or cutter and clean bottom shoot not followed cut. Length of stalk 50 – 80 cm depend on variety store to the shade place and then bring it to sortage place. Leaves cut off 20 cm from the bottom make between 10 – 20 per string, neatly well-arranged. If 10 stalk per string neatly well-arranged 20 stalk per string arrange 2 level. 2 stage 10 same above 6 : 8 string, some of them make stage and the last arranged it in below. Cut same the stalk and stem wrap it with paper or selofan STI 06 28

o o o o 1 st Quality I : big stalk, straight, not weak length 50 – 60 cm big flower as same as variety and free from pest and disease. Kualitas II : smaller stalk rather bent weak length 35 – 50 a little trace of attack pest and disease but still good enough. Soak to the water that contain silver thio sulfat (STS) ex: Chrystal AVB 1 cc/liter for 2 – 4 hour for make longer vase life Keep it at 80 – 90% humidity In cold storage can survive 2 – 3 weeks with temperature 1 – 20 C in box The size of box : 80 x 40 x 20 cm and make a hole in left and right side to circulation. Can contain 24 – 30 dianthus each : 10 stalk STI 06 29

o o Before to the market take off placed in temperature 200 C to make risen up the day before. When it put off from cold storage flower look dry and wilted bottom of stalk cut 2 cm and then soak it to the hot water 5 – 10 secon flower will be recovery again fresh and well rise resortage Market. If the short distance put it to the bucket that fill with waater. If long distance get it to store in carton box with pre cooling in coldstorage --- delivered with box car having cold storage 100 C. STI 06 30

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