DEVELOPMENT OF THE HOUSING MARKET IN POLAND POTENTIAL

DEVELOPMENT OF THE HOUSING MARKET IN POLAND POTENTIAL FOR RENTALS Grzegorz Panek University of Silesia, Katowice POLAND

Historical evolution of the housing situation and policies

Aging resources and unit scarcity • 2008 – proportion of houses constructed before 1989 to overall number of houses (residential) – 84, 8% • In mid 90’s nearly 30% of municipal units in the cities still came from before 1918

Wars and crises • Landlords’ position has always been tough: • 1919 – government freezes rents at 1914 rates. • 1944 – same formula applied (pre-war rents)

Landlords ousted gradually • Ladnlords’ empty pocket • Public authorities and institutions could claim title to premises reconditioned from their own funds where private owners failed to comply with the duty to renovate tenements at their own expense

Social ownership • Special protection referring to assets held by the state, cooperatives and other NGO’s – art. 1261 PCC. • Private ownership and construction of lease persisted (unlike e. g. in Czechoslovakia or DDR), however, private stock submitted to the system of administrative allocations and regulated rent (with scarce public support for repairs)

Housing deficit is nothing new • Shortly before the WW II statistical unit was occupied by 4. 83 persons, • statistical room by 2, 56 individuals • Comparable data from England, Holland or Denmark – the number of occupiers already exceeded the number of rooms.

Outset of transformations • 1988 –housing deficit: 1, 295, 000 • By 1995 the shortfall increases to 1. 4 million • 33. 6% of all households lived in substandard conditions • 1995 – basic utilities (running water, gas, sewage – 84% of urban and 56% of rural stock.

Supply and demand • First years ot transformation - market still framed by supply of residential units, depending on budgetary funds allocated to new investments • 1992/93 – awaited reorientation of the housing policy – demand starts to shape the market • Fall in investments (limited cash-flow, no real mortgage market)

Mid 90’s –getting out from under • 1995 – 1/5 of Polish families could not afford a separate dwelling (ownership or rental)

Tenancy – new opportunities • It was easier to intervene in the tenancy market than develop a sound mortgage market • 1994 – Residential Tenancies and Housing benefits Act (to bring back the meaning to ownership and preserve tenant rights) • Preserved regulated rent, contractual lease; housing benefits

Privatization • 1988 – 32% urban residential units in the hands of private individuals • 1994 – 45% • Currently – 65% • Privatization of the municipal and cooperative stock (sale of units to their tenants)

Cooperatives • Huge investor in the 70’s (for individuals, and state employers), 80’s slowdown (still 50% of all investments) • 90’s still a major investor (1898 -1/3 of the construction market with faltering developer sector) • Turn of the centuries – cooperatives still hold 1/3 of the housing stock (13% by now)

Developers • Appeared in mid 90’s • Promising beginnings – 1998 – 11% of the primary housing market (3. 7 in 1996 and 6. 9 in 1997) • At the turn of the century circa 400 developers operating in Poland • Early 2000’s – real boom

Municipal stock shrinking • 1997 worst year in terms of investment statistical municipality constructed 1 unit (not house) • 1998 – slightly better – 4% of the building market • Municipalities inclined to streamline management of the existing stock, though rheir aging resources need replacement. • Successive privatization – by 2000 there have been 66. 4 thousand condominiums in Poland

Public task rentals • Art. 4(2) TPA 2001 – municipalities required to assure social and replacement units, and cater to the needs of low income households within the legislative framework • General municipal stock – lease for unspecified period (2010 – 1 month to 18 years depending on locality) • Social and replacement premises – only temporary, though contract may be prolonged – incomes below threshold enacted by municipality

Social units • Long waiting lists – not only income criteria, but also court awards in eviction judgments: pregnant women, minors, disabled, incapacitated/interdicted, bedridden, pensioners, (registered) unemployed; • Other groups of evicted tenants – at court’s discretion

TBS – Social Building Associations • Introduced in 1995; companies limited by shares or cooperatives formed by juridical persons, municipal participation • By definition low income households (statements every 2 years), but thresholds not particularly low and 30% tenant participation in construction costs allowed. • Active investor 79 thousand units by now (municipalities 1. 06 million, but TBS houses are brand new) • 2009 - Liquidation of the National Housing Fund

Tenancy contracts • Legislative Duality: PCC and Tenants Protection Act • TPA: abusive contract provisions, unexpected forfeiture of tenure, excessive rent increase (from rent control to rent increase control), sidewalk eviction • Private ladlords insecure – termination only for reasons set out in the TPA • 2009 – occasional lease

Rental investments • Ro. I: 5. 5 (Warsaw: 4. 5, Katowice 6. 5) • Developers unwilling to rent units. They prefair certain income from mortgage loans.

Effects of crisis • 2008/2009 – slowdown after previous construction boom. Demand fell. Differences in bank requirements concerning mortgage credit immense. • Bank pocztowy – PLN 300, 000 (EUR 71, 5000) – earnings over PLN 3, 852 (EUR 917) • SGB Bank – same amount for earnings of PLN 2, 000 (EUR 476) • Own participation – sometimes as much as EUR 15, 000

New hopes • 2010 – annual growth in house prices – 4. 2% (EU as a whole 0. 7%) • 2009 – same figure: -0. 9%