Deuxième journée française sur l'IETF Decembre 2002 - Paris, France Generalized MPLS Plan de controle basé sur IP pour les réseaux optiques Papadimitriou Dimitri Network Technology and Analysis dimitri. papadimitriou@alcatel. be
Introduction
Today Connection Service Requests Network Operation Center FAX NMS I/f between vendor A and B’ Network Operation Center NMS Network Operation Center FAX NMS NMS I/f between vendor B’ and B” I/f between vendor B’’ and C Standard SDH data plane but all complexity in Management Plane Source Router Dest. Router Metro Vendor A CORE Vendor B Metro Vendor C It works… but actually not a long term solution !!! D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel GFSI - December 2002
How are we approaching the problem? h Generalized MPLS (GMPLS): a set of mechanisms and protocols intended to make switching layers of a network more dynamic in their operation (and in particular the SDH/Sonet, G. 709 (pre-)OTN and Ethernet) compatible with the parallel evolution in the IP/MPLS domain h Extend the functions & capabilities of MPLS to work with Optical equipment (and more generally any kind of switching equipment) n Define appropriate architectures and frameworks for this to happen with modern equipment n Define mechanisms strategies for the support of legacy TDM and Optical equipment that was not designed to be controlled n Extend the capabilities of MPLS protocols to operate with TDM and Optical equipment (instead of re-inventing new paradigms) n Standardise GMPLS to ensure interoperability and investment protection for Service Providers Generalized MPLS would become a super-set of MPLS n D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel GFSI - December 2002
An «OPEN» GMPLS Philosophy Research - Academic world Manufacturer's world Abstract world New SDH & OTN products Useful features being implemented OTN ITU-T Standards ASTN - ASON Standards MPLS RFCs and drafts Operational world Potential new services GMPLS for Optics GMPLS pre-std ’s Operational large network Routing RFCs and drafts Engineering World D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel GFSI - December 2002
GMPLS Concepts and Technology Evolution from IETF Perspective
Transmission & Control Plane Evolutions 1970 Analog (copper) 1995 Today Digital 20 xx Optical (analog, fiber) point-to-point Switched Transmission Optical packet switching Digital Switching (SDH) Transport plane Optical Switching (pre-)/OTN Framing dependent Operator-assisted/centrally managed provisioning Control/management plane Framing independent Automated & Distributed (GMPLS ? ? control plane) Transition Framing dependent meaning LOVC/HOVC/MSn/RSn/OSn switching D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel GFSI - December 2002
GMPLS Objectives Dimension Space Automation Level Operator Resource Optimization Parameter (flexibility) mainly cost dependent May depend on other variables Network Resource Optimization Distribution Level Other criteria are mainly (control plane): Availability - Robustness - Scalability but also Survivability (transport plane) D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel GFSI - December 2002
Evolution of a Standard u Step 1. MPLS: Multi-Protocol Label Switching n u IP packet based n IETF 46 -48 Traffic Engineering for Packet LSPs (MPLS-TE - Step 2) Step 3. MPl. S: Multi-Protocol Lambda Switching n IETF 48 -49 n u IETF 50 -51 n IETF 52 -55+ New Protocol introduction for Link Management (LMP) Step 4. GMPLS: Generalized MPLS n u MPLS control applied on optical channels (wavelengths/lambda’s) & first “optical” IGP TE extensions MPLS control applied on layer 2 (ATM/FR/Ethernet), TDM circuits (SDH/Sonet) and Optical channel and IGP TE extensions including OSPF & IS-IS GMPLS: “separation” b/w Technology dependent and independent n n LMP extended to “passive devices” via LMP-WDM GMPLS covers G. 707 SDH, G. 709 OTN… D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel GFSI - December 2002
From MPLS to GMPLS - Evolution Transport Plane Evolution IETF - MPLS WG LDP - CR-LDP MPLS-TE RSVP-TE 1996 -1998 Not within Optical Networking Priorities IGP-TE (Area) “Optical” Framework MPl. S LMP & LMP-WDM SDH/Sonet 2000 IETF - CCAMP WG GMPLS CR-LDP GMPLS ISP - CLEC impact Break-out was the introduction of legacy ITU -T technologies GMPLS IGP-TE (Area) G. 709 OTN GMPLS RSVP-TE Consolidation GMPLS P&R (Recovery) Re-Charter HPN - MRN 1998 -2001 GMPLS IGP-TE (Multi) Slowdown (perceived from mid’ 01) low impact on Standards but resulted in consolidation & affecting “photonic” evolution ILEC impact 2002 -2004 OIF UNI/NNI OIF D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel ASON Model Synchronisation after 2002 ITU-T SG 15 GFSI - December 2002
The Early Stage: MPl. S u Each OXC includes the equivalent of MPLS-capable Label-Switching Router (LSR) n u MPLS control plane is implemented in each OXC Lambda LSPs (control plane entities) are considered similarly to MPLS Label-Switched Paths (LSPs) n Selection of wavelengths (or lambdas) and OXC ports is considered as similar to the label selection using MPLS u MPLS signaling protocols (such as RSVP-TE, CR-LDP) are adapted for Lambda LSP setup/delete/etc. u IGPs (such as OSPF, ISIS) with “optical” traffic-engineering extensions used for topology/resource discovery using IP address space (no “reachability extensions”) D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel GFSI - December 2002
Label & Lambda Switching equivalence Label Space FEC - Label processing at Generalized Label Space Wavelength Identifier Space - Label control and transport level Processing at control plane level only Common Control Plane MPLS Controller MPl. S Controller IF in Label in IF out Label out 9 2 4 7 3 6 8 9 3 4 7 9 2 5 6 4 4 8 4 7 9 mapping 1 1 1 l 1, l 2 mapping l 1, l 2 O/E/O 1 l 1 Packet Switching Matrix 2 2 2 l 1, l 2 O/E/O Optical 3 x 3 Channel 3 x 3 Matrix l 1, l 2 O/E/O 2 l 2 3 3 3 l 1, l 2 O/E/O De. Mux Label Read Mux Label Write Label Switched Router D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel 3 Optical Cross-Connect GFSI - December 2002
Towards Distributed (Common) Control Plane Centralized Distributed Management Plane Network Management System NMS Management Channels Evolution of the NMS includes SNMPv 2/3, COPS, LDAP and other Traffic Engineering/ Optimization Tools and Qo. S Policing SLS/SLA Mgt EMS IP Distributed Control Channels Control Plane Network Controller Network controllers (or GMPLS controllers) can STILL be either co-located or non-colocated within the network device (SDH XC, OADM, OXC, PXC, etc. ) Control Plane Network Device Transport Planes Network Device Transport Channels Transport Planes IP Control Channels implemented using IF/IB - IF/OB or OF/OB (signalling transport mechanisms) enabling the transport of “control IP packets” exchanged throughout IP distributed control plane D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel GFSI - December 2002
IP Distributed Control Plane Management Plane Network Management System • IP Control Channels enabling the transport of “control IP packets” exchanged throughout IP distributed control plane Management Channels • IP Control Channels implemented using IF/IB - IF/OB or OF/OB (signalling transport mechanisms) • (G)MPLS Controllers can be either colocated or non-co-located within the network device (ATM/MPLS LSR, SDH XC, IP Distributed Control Plane IP Control Channels Network Controller OADM, OXC, PXC, etc. ) • IP Distributed Control Plane topology MAPS the Transport Plane topology without precluding “virtual topologies” Network Device Transport Channels D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel Transport Plane(s) GFSI - December 2002
Pre-OTN Approaches u Fully transparent: Non-intrusive monitoring of optical signal (LOS) u FEC frame termination n n non-intrusive monitoring STM-N signal (RSn and MSn overhead) n u transparent bit stream signal pre-OTN case: 4 x STM-16 multiplex FEC frame terminated n n u transparent STM-N MSn signal (repeater functionality) non-intrusive monitoring of MSn signal FEC frame terminated n n u transparent AUG-N signal (back-to-back LTE) non-intrusive monitoring of HOVC signals Pre-OTN digital wrapper frame terminated n n u transparent bit stream signal non-intrusive monitoring STM-N signal (RSn and MSn overhead) … Thus interoperability at the transport plane level was not that obvious! D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel GFSI - December 2002
From MPl. S to GMPLS u MPl. S assumed only 2 transport layers n Assumption: SDH/Sonet used as framing for p 2 p links (payload: IP/MPLS or Ethernet) n Therefore core/backbone networks including • “IP/MPLS” packet or Ethernet MAC layer • Optical (pre-OTN based) layer u u However, current transmission technologies also include: n SDH (ITU-T G. 707) - Sonet (ANSI T 1. 105) n OTN (ITU-T G. 709) n Ethernet (LAN and WAN) n ATM and Frame Relay Why to consider them ? n Same “drivers” and needs as IP/MPLS and optical layer n Enable fully integrated model n Eliminate the need for UNI specific protocol n Provide complete of MPLS-TE protocol extensions D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel GFSI - December 2002
MPLS - GMPLS Convergence Initial Situation at the IETF Not “classical” IP or IETF topics Packet Network using MPLS Traffic Engineering Explicit routed LSP’s Network Resilience Recovery LSP’s Optical Network using GMPLS Optical/TDM LSP Provisioning Legacy Transmission Protection and Restoration Virtual Private Networks MPLS - BGP/VPN GMPLS - (XXX or BGP ? )/GVPN Class Of Service LSP’s as TE tunnels (FA Concept) Competing w/ IP Qo. S Approach But the problem is related to BGP Optical Co. S (LSP Multiplexing) The challenge is how to extend the MPLS-TE Protocol suite to achieve these functions in the optical domain (estimation in ‘ 00: 2 years - today a minimum of 1 D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel additional year is expected to consolidate 2 first steps) GFSI - December 2002
GMPLS Key Concepts u Re-use of MPLS-TE concepts for the definition of distributed control plane protocols applicable to non-packet or “optical” oriented networks: n Optical channels/TDM Circuits/etc. define Lambda/TDM/etc. switched path Generalization of label spaces: wavelengths, sub-channels, etc. ) n Generalization of IP Address Prefix to “non-packet” terminating interfaces further extended to unnumbered interfaces => allows for separation between transport and control plane n Generalization of TE Link concepts and attributes to “non-packet” resources (in particular: OPTICAL) • Virtual TE Links => Forwarding Adjacencies (FA) => Mapping of several transport plane layers in the control plane (LSP Regions) which delivers the same scalability as control plane associated to layered transport plane technologies • Link Bundling => TE Link recursion n Further generalization to accommodate unnumbered FA and FA bundling n Development of graceful/hitless restart mechanisms (signalling & routing) for increasing reliability taking advantage of transport/control separation D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel GFSI - December 2002
Transport Layers and G. 709 TE Links u u u Hierarchical (Overlaid) Transport Layers n Tributary Slots (sub-channel) • ODU 1 (2. 5 Gbps) • ODU 2 (10 Gbps) • ODU 3 (40 Gbps) • or combination n Wavelength (channel) n Fiber (interface) Discrete Bandwidth Signals OMS and OCh TE Links Switching Granularity l 3 l 1 l 2 l 3 l 4 l 5 Sub-Channel 1 Control Plane View Sub-Channel 1 Sub-Channel 2 . . . ODU TE Link Sub-Channel N Channel 1 D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel . . . Sub-Channel N OCh TE Link OMS TE Link Channel N GFSI - December 2002
Generalized MPLS - Switching Layers GMPLS Signalling uniformly address the issues of LSP establishment (setup) /teardown (delete) through different switching (i. e. networking) layers => GMPLS “optical” and “optical” GMPLS ( common control plane) • Classical Packet LSPs in the MPLS switching layer terminating at PSC interfaces (LSR I/f) • TDM LSPs corresponding to STS SPE/ HOVC switching layer terminating at OXC (Label=Sub-Channel, OXC=E-O with TDM I/f and DWDM system) • SDH/Sonet or Ethernet used as FRAMING (Adaptation only) no TDM LSP defined • Lambda LSP (L-LSP) corresponding to optical channel switching layer terminating at OXC/PXC (Label=Wavelength, OXC=E-O-E Matrix or PXC= O-O Matrix with LSC I/f • Fiber LSP corresponding to fiber switching layer terminating at fiber cross-connects interconnected by fiber bundles (Label=Fiber, Fiber Cross-Connect with FSC interfaces) AAMS, LB, JMS 10 D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel Packet (IP/MPLS) Switching Layer Packet LSP G M P L S TDM Switching Framing TDM LSP * Wavelength Switching Layer Lambda LSP Fiber (Spatial) Switching Layer Fiber LSP The wavelength-switching layer can also include waveband switching * GFSI - December 2002
LSP Hierarchy (Nesting) and FA-LSP D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel GFSI - December 2002
Key Enablers - Advantages u u u Lambda/TDM/etc. LSP’s w/ label space: wavelengths/timeslot/etc. n Provide flexibility in (link) resource selection (for bi-directional LSP setup) Generalization of IP Address Prefix to “non-packet” terminating interfaces n Avoid definition of dedicated (new) address space per technology - further extended to unnumbered interfaces n Control/Transport plane separation (resilience) and avoid waste of packet terminating address space values Generalization of TE Link concepts and attributes to “non-packet” resources (in particular OPTICAL) n Virtual TE Links (Forwarding adjacencies): Mapping of several transport plane layers in control plane (a. k. a. LSP Regions) which delivers the same scalability as the one provided by layered transport plane technologies => SCALABILITY (routing) n Link Bundling => SCALABILITY (routing) allowing TE Aggregation => Specific (component) Resource Selection (local policy) provides robustness and contention avoidance D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel GFSI - December 2002
IETF GMPLS Work per Plane Management Plane Forwarding Plane E. g. TMN or SNMP or TL-1 Adapted from IP such as RSVP-TE OSPF-TE, or ISIS-TE CR-LDP GMPLS Signaling Plane Routing Plane E. g. SDH/SONET, G. 709, Ethernet Control Plane Not done at the IETF, specific task of the ITU-T (SG 15) for SDH/OTH, IEEE for Ethernet, etc. Already widely developed but we need now to manage the control plane, IETF developments for SNMP MIBs. Right in the IETF scope since application of MPLS generalization (GMPLS is a super-set of MPLS) D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel GFSI - December 2002
Global Picture (IETF View) User Admin Domain Internet Inter-domain Administrative Domain A Inter-domain Provider C Admin Domain Administrative Domain B Intra-domain Inter-domain I-NNI GMPLS Protocol suite applies at intra- and inter-domain interfaces Inter-domain Administrative Domain C Intra-domain Actually, GMPLS is “model independent” it just follows the well known “internet” engineering principles from the node to the area then from the area to the Autonomous System (intra-carrier) and last between AS’s (inter-carrier) D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel GFSI - December 2002
GMPLS Building Blocks Technology Indpt Technology Dept Starting Point - MPLS Architecture and MPLS-TE Meta Extensions Framework and requirements GMPLS Architecture Others Core signaling (TE-)Link Management Technology extensions(*) Protection & Restoration Transmission Background D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel Generalized VPN Core TE - Routing (*) Includes SDH/Sonet and G. 709 OTN GFSI - December 2002
GMPLS Building Blocks draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-architecture-03. txt Framework and requirements Last Call GMPLS Architecture draft-ietf-mpls-generalized-signaling-09. txt draft-ietf-mpls-generalized-rsvp-te-09. txt draft-ietf-mpls-generalized-cr-ldp-07. txt Others Core signaling (TE-)Link Management Technology extensions Protection & Restoration Core TE - Routing draft-ietf-ccamp-lmp-07. txt draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-g 709 -03. txt draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-sonet-sdh-07. txt Under AD Review draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-routing-05. txt draft-ietf-ccamp-ospf-gmpls-extensions-09. txt draft-ietf-isis-gmpls-extensions-14. txt Under AD Review Note: several other more specialized I-d ’s under discussion D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel Proposed Standard Under Review MPLS Related draft-ietf-mpls-bundle-04. txt draft-ietf-mpls-lsp-hierarchy-07. txt draft-ietf-mpls-rsvp-unnum-08. txt draft-ietf-mpls-crldp-unnum-10. txt GFSI - December 2002
CCAMP WG Protection and Restoration Design Team Start Dec’ 01 Terminology Draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-recovery-terminology-00. txt To be finalized with the other drafts (cycle) Mar’ 02 - IETF 53 Analysis Aug’ 02 - IETF 54 Functional Specification Draft-papadimitriou-ccamp-gmpls-recovery-analysis-03. txt To provide an analysis grid to be used to evaluate, compare and contrast the GMPLS based recovery mechanism WG document requested, to be taken on the list Draft-bala-gmpls-recovery-functional-01. txt To determine and discuss recovery scenarios to be covered (what’s in what’s out) by the protocol dependent specification Nov’ 02 - IETF 55 GMPLS Signalling D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel Ongoing effort, first version to be issued after consensus on previous step (expectation ~1 Q’ 03) GFSI - December 2002
Future Developments u Short term: n n n u Longer term: Tackle “All-Optical” challenges n n n u Keeping track of G. 709 OTN evolutions Shared meshed (multi-layer) recovery and Routing diversity … we are nearly done ! optical physical routing impairments transparency issues optical performance measurement and monitoring Refine GMPLS management model including n n performance management security and policy scheduling services billing/accounting D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel GFSI - December 2002
Global Picture (ITU & OIF View) User Admin Domain Single Carrier 1 - Single Administrative Domain UNI E-NNI Control Domain A (e. g. , vendor 1, metro) Provider C Admin Domain Control Domain B (e. g. , vendor 2, core) UNI I-NNI E-NNI Control Domain C Multi-vendor Agreement E-NNI Single Carrier 3 - Single Administrative Domain I-NNI GMPLS Protocol suite with interface specific extensions applied at UNI and E-NNI (intra-/inter- carrier) interfaces D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel E-NNI Single Carrier 2 - Single E-NNI Administrative Domain GFSI - December 2002
From the Meta model to the Protocol(s) Std body Meta model Abstract protocol Re-use of well known Internet (existing) principles IETF Track Unified Service Model - Peer & Overlay Control Plane Inter - Connection Model OIF UNI 1. 0 OIF Track OIF NNI 1. 0 Domain Service & Overlay Control Plane Interconnection Model ITU-T Track G. ASTN (G. 807) G. ASON (G. 8080) G. dcm, G. rtg and others Abstract and Formal world D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel Real protocol(s) GMPLS Protocol Suite remains in the very long term (no model) GMPLS profile and extensions (shorter term models) GMPLS + Extensions PNNI + extensions from scratch + new protocols Engineering world: implementation GFSI - December 2002
GMPLS Implementation Survey
Company Type Signaling SDH/SONET Protocol Extensions Accelight Equip. R Yes Software Genealogy External Agilent Tester R Yes Internal P T L F M G W S Product On sale Alcatel Calient Ciena Data Connection Equipe Equip. Code Equip. R R R Yes External Ext + TE External Ext + GMPLS Internal T L F T P T L F P T G W S G S M G W S G S Beta Alpha Product Alpha On sale Internal On sale internal First Wave HCL Techno. Intel Japan Telecom Juniper Code Equip. R + L R R Internal ISI+TE, GMPLS Internal L F T P T G W G S M G S G M G S Alpha Develop Beta Internal Field trial Lumentis Marconi Movaz NEC Net. Plane NTT Nortel Polaris Tellium Tropic Wipro Anonymous 2 24 Equip Code Equip: 14 Code: 8 R R R L R R + L R R: 23 L: 3 Ext+GMPLS Internal Lab. N+GMPLS External Internal External Internal: 9 External: 14 L T L F L T P T L F P L T T L F P T L P: 10, T: 14, L: 14, F: 9 G G W S G S S M G W S S G S M G W M G S G M: 10, G: 21, W: 9, S: 17 Develop Product Develop Alpha Develop P: 4, A: 4, B: 3, D: 7 Internal On sale Internal On sale Internal On sale: 8 Yes Yes Yes Yes 17 Switching Label Capability Type P T L M G S Beta P Status Availability - P=PSC, T=TDM, L=LSC, F=FSC M=MPLS rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel D. Papadimitriou - All label, G=generalized label, W=waveband label, S=SDH/SONET label GFSI - December 2002
Conclusions
Conclusion u u u u GMPLS is not the future, … it is the present It constitutes an integral part of the coming generation of packet, frame and optical integrated networks providing unified services NMS proprietary solutions might be pragmatic as a short term solution, they don’t address the current carrier/service provider needs GMPLS provides common mechanisms applicable to IP and optical layers, allowing interoperable, scalable, parallel, reliable and cohesive evolution of networks in the IP and optical dimensions Both GMPLS@UNI (at OIF) and GMPLS (at IETF) are standards-based and have their specific domain of use: the debate peer versus overlay is off (if used in their applicability scope then co-existence) The LSP hierarchy, bundling and hitless restart creates sufficient scalability, flexibility and resiliency for common network operations The enhanced signaling capabilities GMPLS allow service provider to quickly and efficiently build high capacity agile infrastructures supporting fast connection provisioning Therefore, GMPLS is critical in any carrier/service provider solution that aims to enable large volumes of traffic in a cost-efficient manner D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel GFSI - December 2002
Thanks for your attention. . . … Questions ? D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel GFSI - December 2002
References u E. Mannie (Editor) et al. , ‘Generalized MPLS Architecture’, Informational Draft, draft-ietfccamp-gmpls-architecture-03. txt, February 2002. u Lou Berger (Editor), et al. , ‘Generalized MPLS Signaling – Signaling Functional Requirements, ’ Internet Draft, Work in progress, draft-ietf-mpls-generalized-signalling 09. txt, August 2002. u Lou Berger (Editor) et al. , ‘Generalized MPLS Signaling – RSVP-TE Extensions, ’ Internet Draft, Work in progress, draft-ietf-mpls-generalized-rsvp-te-09. txt, October 2002. u Lou Berger (Editor) et al. , ‘Generalized MPLS Signaling – CR-LDP Extensions, ’ Internet Draft, Work in progress, draft-ietf-mpls-generalized-cr-ldp-07. txt, August 2002. u E. Mannie and D. Papadimitriou (Editors) et al. , ‘Generalized MPLS Extensions for SONET and SDH Control’, Internet Draft, Work in progress, draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-sonet-sdh 06. txt, August 2002. u D. Papadimitriou (Editor) et al. , ‘Generalized MPLS Extensions for G. 079 Optical Transport Networks Control’, Internet Draft, Work in progress, draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-g 709 -03. txt, November 2002. u K. Kompella et al. , “Routing Extensions in Support of Generalized MPLS”, Internet Draft, Work in progress, draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-routing-05. txt, August 2002. u K. Kompella et al. , “IS-IS Extensions in Support of Generalized MPLS”, Internet Draft, Work in progress, draft-ietf-isis-gmpls-extensions-14. txt, August 2002. K. Kompella et al. “OSPF Extensions in Support of Generalized MPLS”, Internet Draft, Work in progress, draft-ietf-ccamp-ospf-gmpls-extensions-08. txt, August 2002. u D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel GFSI - December 2002
References u E. Mannie, D. Papadimitriou et al. , ‘Extensions to OSPF and IS-IS in support of GMPLS for SDH/SONET Control, ’ Internet Draft, Work in progress, draft-mannie-ccamp-gmplssonet-sdh-ospf-isis-01. txt, June 2002. u G. Gasparini, D. Papadimitriou et al. , ‘TE-Routing Extensions to OSPF and ISIS for GMPLS Control of G. 709 Optical Transport Networks’, Internet Draft, Work in progress, draft-gasparini-ccamp-gmpls-g 709 -ospf-isis-03. txt, June 2002. u K. Kompella, Y. Rekhter, “Signalling Unnumbered Links in RSVP-TE”, Internet Draft, Work in progress, draft-ietf-mpls-rsvp-unnum-07. txt, August 2002. u K. Kompella, Y. Rekhter, “Signalling Unnumbered Links in CR-LDP”, Internet Draft, Work in progress, draft-ietf-mpls-crldp-unnum-07. txt, August 2002. u K. Kompella and Y. Rekhter, LSP Hierarchy with MPLS TE, Internet Draft, Work in progress, draft-ietf-mpls-lsp-hierarchy-07. txt, August 2002. u K. Kompella, Y. Rekhter and L. Berger, “Link Bundling in MPLS Traffic Engineering”, Internet Draft, Work in progress, draft-ietf-mpls-bundle-04. txt, June 2002. D. Awduche et al. , ‘Multi-Protocol Lambda Switching: Combining MPLS Traffic Engineering Control With Optical Cross-Connects, ’ Internet Draft, Work in progress, draftawduche-mpls-te-optical-03. txt, April 2001. u D. Papadimitriou - All rights reserved © 2002, Alcatel GFSI - December 2002
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