Depositories and Repositories: Changing Models of Library Storage in the United States 2 nd International Conference on Repository Libraries May 2004
Growth of Library Storage Facilities Purpose-built 2 nd International Conference on Repository Libraries Retrofit renovation May 2004
Library Storage Facilities Shared Individual Binghamton University Case Western Reserve Cornell University Harvard University Indiana University, Bloomington LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Michigan State University Penn State University Rice University Southern Illinois University, Carbondale Stanford University of Florida University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (opening 2004) University of Michigan University of Pennsylvania University of Pittsburgh University of South Carolina University of Texas Virginia Tech West Virginia University Yale University 2 nd International Conference on Repository Libraries CONStor (Five Colleges of Ohio) Duke University y Johns Hopkins University Minnesota Library Access Center New England Regional Depository Northeastern Ohio Cooperative Regional Library Depository ORBIS (planning stage) PASCAL (Colorado Academic Libraries) Research Collections and Preservation Consortium (RECAP) Southeast Ohio Regional Library Depository Southwest Ohio Regional Depository Tri-Universities Group University of California Northern Regional Library Facility University of California Southern Regional Library Facility Washington Research Library Consortium May 2004
Facility Characteristics • Most new facilities use Harvard-model highdensity shelving • Most Harvard-model facilities hold 1 to 2 million volumes per building module • Capacities range from about 150, 000 volumes (CONStor) to over 5 million (Re. CAP and SRLF) 2 nd International Conference on Repository Libraries May 2004
Typical Depository Services • Accessioning/shelving • Cleaning and conservation • Long-term or permanent storage • Preservation/conservation • Physical item delivery • Electronic delivery • Onsite patron access (reading room) 2 nd International Conference on Repository Libraries May 2004
Washington Research Library Consortium • • • 8 university libraries in Washington, DC Shared collection and shared catalog for consortial borrowing Volumes interfiled on shelves Almost 1 million items stored currently Expansion room for 2 million more 2 nd International Conference on Repository Libraries May 2004
Minnesota Library Access Center (MLAC) • • • Built into caverns 84 feet underground, 600 feet long, 70 feet wide Includes volumes from public libraries as well as academic All items stored in MLAC are available for use by any Minnesota resident 2 nd International Conference on Repository Libraries May 2004
New England Regional Depository • • Currently 3 depositing libraries, available to 700 NELINET members Separate collections Volumes interfiled on shelves Facility owned and operated by vendor 2 nd International Conference on Repository Libraries May 2004
Research Collections and Preservation Consortium (Re. CAP) • • New York Public Library, Columbia University, Princeton University Separate collections and catalogs Shelves allocated by library and physically separate Over 4 million volumes stored currently, total capacity about 7 million, expansion room up to 37 million volumes 2 nd International Conference on Repository Libraries May 2004
Shared Collection (Repository) • Shared or delegated ownership • Cooperative selection and retention Five College (Massachusetts) Library Depository 2 nd International Conference on Repository Libraries May 2004
Other “De Facto” Repositories • Five Colleges (Ohio) CONStor • PASCAL (Colorado) • Voluntary de-duplication – No duplicates allowed in storage – Original owners retain ownership of stored volumes, guarantee to make available to other members – Other members rely on that guarantee to deaccession from their own collections 2 nd International Conference on Repository Libraries May 2004
Issues Raised by Change from Depository to Repository Ownership • Libraries still valued in part by collection size • Faculty fear loss of ownership of their particular research material • Libraries reluctant to weed campus copies to rely on repository copy 2 nd International Conference on Repository Libraries May 2004
Issues Raised by Change from Depository to Repository • • Governance Many shared facilities are based on voluntary participation Need specific legal commitment for perpetual access to stored copy to facilitate deaccessioning local copies 2 nd International Conference on Repository Libraries May 2004
From Depository To Repository In-process, in discussion: – University of California Libraries Shared Collection – Washington Research Library Consortium (WRLC) 2 nd International Conference on Repository Libraries May 2004
University of California Shared Collections • “The University of California shared collection consists of information resources jointly purchased or electively contributed by the UC libraries…” • “…the [Regional Library Facilities] could and – if UC was to make good on its archival responsibilities – should have both a “storage” function and a “shared collection” function…” • UC Shared Print Archive project to store print copies of Elsevier and ACM titles 2 nd International Conference on Repository Libraries May 2004
Other Depository to Repository Issues • Ad hoc (“coincidental”) deposits rather than selected collections • Serial runs not necessarily complete • Stored copy may not be the best copy • Deliver only electronically to preserve print copy? Or allow physical delivery and risk loss or damage? 2 nd International Conference on Repository Libraries May 2004
From Individual Repositories to a Repository Network • Increasing reliance on digital resources increases the need for archival print copies • Existing depositories form a natural infrastructure to support an international network of print archives 2 nd International Conference on Repository Libraries May 2004
How To Make the Transition • What is already stored? – Interdepository inventory project – Consistent mechanism for identifying stored/archived materials • What should be stored? – Identify collecting responsibilities. Categories? Specific titles? – How many copies? • What services should be provided? 2 nd International Conference on Repository Libraries May 2004
Distributed Collections Model Adapted from and used with permission of Brian Schottlaender Increasing archival “Dark” assurance Decreasing object access No user services, emergency institutional services, planned redundancy Increasing shared management Decreasing library autonomy Tertiary Service Layer: Archival Repositories “Dim” Limited user services, planned redundancy Secondary Service Layer: Regional Repositories “Bright” Full user services, access, circulation, significant redundancy Primary Service Layer: Local Libraries 2 nd International Conference on Repository Libraries May 2004
Gathering Momentum in the U. S. • 1999: “A regional system of last copy depositories is needed for the twenty-first century…” Vernon Knisling • 1999: “Over the next ten years or so, … we will begin to see cooperation among different library storage facilities… The idea would be for individual storage facilities … to agree on what materials or kinds of materials would be stored at which facilities, and what access rights the affiliated libraries would have. ” Lizanne Payne, keynote address, ALA LAMA Library Storage preconference • 2001: “[We need to] advocate for the development of regional repositories of artifactual collections that reduce duplication of effort, create economies of scale, and ensure that the greatest number of unique or scarce priority items are preserved and made accessible to researchers. “ Abby Smith, The Evidence in Hand • 2003: “Strengthen the network of print archives, depositories, and “libraries of record. ” Action Agenda, CRL PAPR conference 2 nd International Conference on Repository Libraries May 2004
End Note Since all library space is finite -- and it is -a decision to remove a duplicate volume on campus and rely on a repository copy is a decision to reserve valuable space on campus for a future unique volume 2 nd International Conference on Repository Libraries May 2004
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