Demystifying RDA Similarities and Differences between AACR and RDA AACR Chris Oliver June 2 nd, 2010 CLA Preconference
AACR 2 to RDA AACR 2 • rules and framework AACR 2 deconstructed • rules minus AACR 2 framework RDA • instructions – many derived from AACR 2 • in a new framework
RDA: similarities & differences AACR 2 deconstructed new vocabulary new concepts new structure some new instructions some changed instructions
AACR 2 deconstructed • some RDA instructions very similar to AACR 2 rules AACR 2 1. 6 B 1 If an item is issued in a series, transcribe the title proper of the series as instructed in 1. 1 B RDA 2. 12. 2. 3 If the resource is issued in a series, record the title proper of the series applying the basic instructions on recording titles given under 2. 3. 1 and 2. 3. 1 instructs one to transcribe
AACR 2 deconstructed AACR 2 21 Choice of Access Points 21. 30 J 2 Variant title. If considered necessary for access, make an added entry for any version of the title (e. g. , cover title …) that is significantly different from the title proper. RDA 2 Identifying Manifestation and Item 2. 3 Title 2. 3. 6. 3 Recording Variant Titles Record variant titles that are considered to be important for identification or access applying the basic instructions on recording titles given under 2. 3. 1
Almost identical, but … RDA’s variant title: • it is an attribute of the manifestation; it is a type of title • with all the instructions for recording the title of the manifestation • precise definition: a title associated with a resource that differs from a title recorded as the title proper, a parallel title proper, other title information, parallel other title information, earlier title proper, later title proper, key title, or abbreviated title
Almost identical, but … • 7 listed categories of variant titles: • • on resource itself (spine title, etc. ) from reference sources assigned by agency doing the description assigned by an owner or custodian corrections part of title variations in parallel title, other title info. for earlier iteration or later part
AACR 2 deconstructed AACR 2 1. 5 B. Extent of Item (including Specific Material Designation) 1. 5 B 1. Record the extent of the item by giving the number of physical units in arabic numerals and the specific material designation as instructed in subrule. 5 B in the chapter dealing with the type of material to which the item belongs. RDA 3. 4. 1. 3 Recording Extent Record the extent of the resource by giving the number of units and an appropriate term for the type of carrier as listed under 3. 3. 1. 3. …
Almost identical, but … • numerals and internationalization (RDA 0. 11. 3) • no more gmds and smds different way of categorizing types of content, types of media and types of carriers • concept of “class of material” is gone • consistent set of general rules that apply to all resources, followed by special rules only when needed • generally no longer use abbreviations for extent AACR 2 213 p. RDA 213 pages
AACR 2 deconstructed AACR 2 1. 5 B continued 1. 5 B 4. If the item being described has a playing time, give that playing time as follows. … RDA 7. 22 Duration in chapter: Describing Content 7. 22. 1. 3 Playing Time, Running Time, Etc. If the resource has a playing time, running time, etc. , record the time as follows, abbreviating terms for units of time as instructed in appendix B
Almost identical, but … RDA rigorously separates content and carrier: AACR 2: RDA : extent = 1 sound cassette (40 min. ) content and carrier information together extent of carrier = 1 audiocassette duration of content = 40 min. careful separation of content and carrier information chap. 3 chap. 7
On the surface … similar instructions but different framework • instructions found in totally different places • new vocabulary, new concepts, new theoretical framework
What you need to know to understand the differences • user tasks • entities, attributes, relationships • organization and structure of RDA • objectives and principles • data elements • core elements • extensible framework
1. User tasks Entities, Attributes & Relationships Organization & Structure of RDA
FRBR/FRAD User tasks in RDA Authority data Bibliographic data • • Find Identify Select Obtain • • Find Identify Clarify (Justify) Understand (Contextualize)
Consistent focus on the user Throughout RDA: data why include this data? to support the user in completing one of the user tasks
Functional objectives • RDA divided into 10 sections • Each section begins with general guidelines • Functional objectives and principles specific to the section • Functional objectives = the data the user tasks (recorded or formulated according to the instructions in that section)
Example from Section 1= Recording attributes of manifestations & items 1. 2 Functional Objectives and Principles The data describing a manifestation or item should enable the user to: a) find manifestations and items that correspond to the user’s stated search criteria b) identify the resource described … c) select a resource that is appropriate to the user’s requirements with respect to the physical characteristics of the carrier and the formatting and encoding of information stored on the carrier d) obtain a resource …
Basis for Cataloguer Judgment • introduction begins with focus on user and user tasks • functional objectives in each section • instructions open to cataloguer judgment within the parameters of enabling the successful completion of user tasks for example, from 3. 7 Applied material Record the applied material used in the resource if it is considered important for identification or selection …
Entities, attributes, relationships • entity = the object of a user’s interest • entities that are of interest to someone who uses bibliographic and authority data Scope of RDA: bibliographic entities specific to authority control
Bibliographic entities in RDA work expression manifestation item FRBR Group 1 products of intellectual or artistic endeavor person family corporate body FRBR/FRAD Group 2 concept object event place FRBR Group 3 responsible for group 1 entities subjects (includes group 1 & 2)
Authority entities in RDA bibliographic entities on which authority data is focused name identifier controlled access point entities for authority control not in RDA: rules agency entities that determine the content and form of access points
Attributes & Relationships • instructions how to record the attributes of entities e. g. entity = a manifestation attributes we record: title proper statement of responsibility edition statement place of publication etc. • how to record relationships between entities
Relationships in RDA • basis for navigation and support collocation • primary relationships: between work, expression, manifestation and item • 3 other major types of relationships: 1. between a person, family or corporate body and a resource 2. between one resource and another resource 3. between a person, family or corporate body and another person, family or corporate body
Relationships in RDA • not just recording relationship • specify exact nature of the relationship exact for example AACR 2 name of a person ------- title of book • type of relationship may be embedded in text of description • bibliographic record contains name of person and title RDA name of a person --- type of relationship --- work • add relationship designators • use controlled vocabulary to designate relationship • clear identification of where this data is recorded
Defining the Relationship: AACR 2 • designation of relationship is optional and narrow 21. 0 D. Optional addition. Designations of Function 21. 0 D 1. In the cases noted below, add an abbreviated designation of function to an added entry heading for a person. Function Performed Designation Compiler comp. Editor ed. Illustrator ill. Translator tr. Add other designations to headings as instructed in particular rules. In specialist or archival cataloguing …
Defining the Relationship: RDA 18. 5. 1. 3 Recording Relationship Designators Record one or more appropriate terms from the list in appendix I with an identifier and/or authorized access point representing the person, family, or corporate body to indicate the nature of the relationship more specifically than is indicated by the defined scope of the relationship element itself. also 24. 5 and 29. 5 Ø not a core element but also not an option or alternative Ø 3 appendices of relationship designator terms for relationships: between resource and person, family or corporate body between works, expressions, manifestations and items between persons, families and corporate bodies • • •
Defining the Relationship: RDA examples with MARC 21 coding: 245 10 $a National Geographic atlas of the world / $c Melville Bell Grosvenor, editor-in-chief; Wellman Chamberlin, chief cartographer. 700 1# $a Chamberlin, Wellman , $e cartographer 245 00 $a Alice in Wonderland, or, What's a nice kid like you doing in a place like this? /$c. Hanna-Barbera Productions. 700 1# $i parody of (work) $a Carroll, Lewis, $d 1832 -1898. $t Alice's adventures in Wonderland. authority record 510 3# $a Adams family, $e descendant family
Organization and Structure of RDA Ø 2 main parts Recording attributes Recording relationships sections 1 -4 sections 5 -10 Ø Divided into 10 sections are organized according to the bibliographic entities
Organization and Structure of RDA Section 1 -4 = Recording attributes Section 1. Recording attributes of manifestation and item Section 2. Recording attributes of work and expression Section 3. Recording attributes of person, family, and corporate body Section 4. Recording attributes of concept, object, event, and place [placeholder]
Organization and Structure of RDA Sections 5 -10 = Recording Relationships Section 5. Recording primary relationships between work, expression, manifestation, and item Section 6. Recording relationships to persons, families, and corporate bodies associated with a resource Section 7. Recording subject relationships [placeholder] Section 8. Recording relationships between works, expressions, manifestations, and items Section 9. Recording relationships between persons, families, and corporate bodies Section 10. Recording relationships between concepts,
Organization and Structure of RDA • each chapter associated with a user task Chapter 1: General guidelines on recording attributes of manifestations and items Chapter 2: Identifying manifestations and items FRBR task = Identify Chapter 3: Describing carriers FRBR task = Select Chapter 4: Providing acquisition and access information FRBR task = Obtain
Organization and Structure of RDA Chapter 5: General guidelines on recording attributes of works and expressions Chapter 6: Identifying works and expressions FRBR task = Identify Chapter 7: Describing content FRBR task = Select
2. Objectives & Principles
RDA Objectives & Principles Objectives • responsiveness to user needs • cost efficiency • flexibility • continuity Principles • differentiation • sufficiency • relationships • representation • accuracy • attribution • common usage or practice • uniformity
Role of Objectives & Principles • instructions must be defensible + not arbitrary • real impact on the content of RDA for example objective = flexibility The data should function independently of the format, medium, or system used to store or communicate the data. They should be amenable to use in a variety of environments. result = RDA is a “content standard” content standard
RDA as a Content Standard “what data should I record? ” RDA can be encoded using different encoding schema e. g. MARC 21, MODS, Dublin Core, etc. RDA data can be displayed using different display conventions e. g. ISBD, label display, etc.
RDA = content standard not locked into MARC 21 encoding not locked into MARC 21 record structure can be used with web-friendly encoding schema, based on XML can be used in new types of database structures can be used by other metadata communities
AACR 2 Rule + RDA principles AACR 2 1. 2 B 1. Transcribe the edition statement as found on the item. Use abbreviations as instructed in appendix B and numerals as instructed in appendix C. RDA 2. 5. 1. 4. Transcribe an edition statement as it appears on the source of information. No instruction to abbreviate. Appendix B Abbreviations B. 4. Transcribed Elements For transcribed elements, use only those abbreviations found in the sources of information for the element.
Almost identical, but … for example principle = representation The data describing a resource should reflect the resource’s representation of itself. result = simplify transcription RDA 2. 5. 1. 4 Recording Edition Statements RDA Ø no instruction to use abbreviations Ø transcribe exactly what is on the source of information
Principle of Representation Appendix B Abbreviations B. 4 Transcribed elements For transcribed elements, use only those abbreviations found in the sources of information for the element. t. p. 3 rd ed. Second edition data recorded 3 rd ed. Second edition
Take what you see AACR 2 1. 1 F 7. [4 conditions when you do record titles of nobility, address, etc. ] … Otherwise, omit all such data from statements of responsibility. RDA 2. 4. 1. 4. Transcribe a statement of responsibility in the form in which it appears on the source of information. Apply the general guidelines on transcription given under 1. 7. no instructions to omit data 2. 4. 1. 4 Optional Omission Abridge a statement of responsibility only if it can be abridged without loss of essential information.
Take what you see title page by the Reverend John Clarke AACR 2 by John Clarke RDA by the Reverend John Clarke “Take what you see. Accept what you get. ” (from LC) • • based on principle of representation simplifies transcription allows for automated data capture or scanning no longer limited by the small space of the catalogue card
Principles also lead to new instructions AACR 2 1. 0 F. Inaccuracies 1. 0 F 1. In an area where transcription from the item is required, transcribe an inaccuracy or a misspelled word as it appears in the item. Follow such an inaccuracy either by [sic] or by i. e. and the correction within square brackets. Supply a missing letter or letters in square brackets. RDA 1. 7. 9 Inaccuracies When instructed to transcribe an element as it appears on the source of information, transcribe an inaccuracy or a misspelled word as it appears on the source, except where instructed otherwise.
Inaccuracy in RDA 1. 7. 9 continued Make a note correcting the inaccuracy if it is considered to be important for identification or access (see 2. 20 ). If the inaccuracy appears in a title, record a corrected form of the title as a variant title (see 2. 3. 6 ) if it is considered to be important for identification or access. Exceptions: 2. 3. 1. 4 Inaccuracies. When transcribing the title proper of a serial or integrating resource, correct obvious typographic errors, and make a note giving the title as it appears on the source of information (see 2. 20. 2. 4 ). In case of doubt about whether the spelling of a word is incorrect, transcribe the spelling as found.
RDA = Take what you see title page = The wolrd of television AACR 2 = or The wolrd [sic] of television The wolrd [i. e. world] of television RDA = The wolrd of television ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- title page AACR 2 = The wold of television The wo[r]ld of television RDA = The wold of television
3. Data elements Core elements Extensible framework
Data Elements element = A word, character, or group of words element and/or characters representing a distinct unit of bibliographic information. unit Ø appears similar to AACR 2 definition, minus “forming part of an area” Ø actually quite different from AACR 2
Data Elements Ø each element is discrete and precisely defined each element Ø each element contains data about a single attribute or a single relationship Ø data is not embedded in long character strings
AACR 2 for example AACR 2: information embedded in a non-specific note physical description note MARC 500 video format characteristics font base and applied materials sound characteristics Ø requires that a human interpret information in record Ø cannot be used reliably to search or to limit a search Ø cannot be used for automated processing Ø cannot generate a meaningful display
RDA Data Elements RDA: distinct and precise elements for each kind of data RDA different element for each type of data video format characteristics font base material applied material sound characteristics RDA: recommended controlled vocabulary for content of many elements video format characteristics: beta, betacam SP, CED, D-2 … font: large print, giant print base material: bristol board, canvas, cardboard, ceramic, glass …
RDA Data Elements RDA: precise elements – only one kind of data in an element AACR 2: AACR 2 MARC 21: MARC 21 RDA: RDA date of publication, distribution, etc. 260 $c 4 different elements: date of production date of publication date of distribution date of copyright
RDA Data Elements Ø each element has the potential to be usable: element to index to search to build meaningful displays of data Ø data in element can be used by humans and machines element Ø can be used reliably to search or to limit a search Ø can be used for automated processing Ø can be used to generate a meaningful display
Day 1 of Implementation Ø implementation in MARC 21 environment Ø continue with ambiguity many RDA elements will map to one MARC subfield Ø potential for the future Ø designed to be in line with metadata that can be used in the online networked environment
Core Elements many new elements but don’t have to use them all core elements Ø not a level of description Ø core elements are a minimum “a floor, not a ceiling” Ø must include any additional elements required to differentiate the resource or entity from a similar one Ø inclusion of other elements is discretionary
Core Elements Ø core elements support a subset of user tasks subset • identify and select a manifestation • identify works and expressions embodied in a manifestation • identify the creator or creators of a work • find a person, family, or corporate body associated with a resource • identify a person, family, or corporate body Ø summary of core elements in introduction: 0. 6 Ø general guidelines for each section: core elements
Core Elements Ø certain elements are flagged as “core” core title proper designation of edition preferred name for the person Ø certain elements are flagged as “core if” core if date of distribution if date of publication not identified if extent if resource is complete or if the total extent is if known Ø element is core but can omit some data place of publication (if more than one, only the first) first
Extensible Framework Ø framework to describe all known resources Ø framework that can be extended to describe resources yet to be developed
Extensible Framework Ø many data elements – each precisely defined Ø data elements can be used in any combination Ø clear distinction between content and carrier work expression content manifestation item carrier
Extensible Framework Ø room for growth with framework of attributes and relationships Ø RDA framework can describe any content any carrier Ø in addition, new framework for categorizing resources
Categorization of Content & Carrier consists of three elements: content type media type carrier type Ø replaces the gmd Ø can use as many of each type as needed Ø can use in any combination Ø each element has a set of controlled vocabulary Ø clear distinction between content and carrier not a display standard not
Categorization of Content & Carrier content type expression notated music performed music still image spoken word text media type manifestation audio microform unmediated carrier type manifestation audio cartridge audio disc audiocassette
Categorization of Content & Carrier book Content type = text Media type = unmediated Carrier type = volume music CD Content type = performed music Media type = audio Media type = computer Carrier type = audio disc Carrier type = computer disc
Categorization of Content & Carrier web page Content type = text Media type = computer Carrier type = online resource online video Content type = two dimensional moving image Media type = computer Carrier type = online resource
Categorization of Content & Carrier Ø not a display standard Ø consistent values in the elements that can then be mapped in various ways Ø map to icons Ø map to terms preferred by the user group Ø map to terms in different languages Ø map to newly developed terms Ø in contrast to AACR 2 gmds -- consistency flexibility extensibility
Similarities and Differences • intentional continuity and compatibility with AACR 2 • many instructions remain similar, but … new theoretical framework shapes RDA instructions user tasks entities, attributes, relationships organization and structure of RDA objectives and principles data elements core elements extensible framework
Thank you Contact info: chris. oliver@mcgill. ca
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