Deliberate Training with Purposeful and Deliberate Practice: Anders Ericsson’s and Robert Pool’s PEAK by K. Anders Ericsson Department of Psychology Florida State University Tallahassee, Florida Keynote at Sport Expertise Seminar hosted by the Academic College at Wingate and the Elite Sport Department and Olympic Committee, Israel on December 14 th, 2016
Three Approaches 1. Searching for and finding one’s gifts (Hidden in one’s DNA) I have come to think children are like flowers. We plant the seeds. We water them, nourish them and set them in the sunshine. We protect them from the elements as best we can. One day they bud, and when the bud finally opens, we see that one is a rose, one a tulip, one an iris, each bringing its own beauty to the landscape. Shana Aucsmith http: //blogs. rj. org/blog/2012/06/05/this-i-believe/
Height 1. Searching for one’s gifts (Hidden in one’s DNA) Increases in Height during Childhood and Adolescence but no changes in Adulthood “Most outstanding musicians are discovered at an early age, usually before 6 and often as early as 2 or 3, even in households where relatively little music is heard … training seems to have comparatively little effect in reducing these differences” (Howard Gardner, 1973, p. 188)
Height Searching for one’s gifts (Hidden in one’s DNA) Father and Son Cal Ripkin Sr. & Jr.
Three Approaches 1. Searching for and finding one’s gifts (Hidden in one’s DNA) 2. Pursuing one’s dreams Future
“Whether you think you can, or you think you can't--you're right. ” attributed to Henry Ford "We are making use of only a small part of our possible mental and physical resources. “ William James, Energies of man Some people have suggested that adults only use 10% of their brain.
Continued experience is not enough __________ Amateurs General training is not enough Crosswords, brain training
Superior Objective Performance Chess winning chess games Psychotherapy superior ability to increase mental patients’ health (post-pre) Teaching superior ability to increase students’ performance (post - pre)
Minimal Effects Teaching of Traditional Indicators of Expertise Long education Extended experience as a professional Psychotherapy
Perceptual Performance on Cardiac Auscultation as a Function of Years of Experience General Practitioners Performance Limited Feedback Student 0 -9 years 10 -20 years Over 20 years Instruction and Experience Reviews (Choudhry, Fletcher, & Soumerai, 2005; Ericsson, 2004; Ericsson, Whyte, & Ward, 2007) Based on Butterworth & Reppert (1960)
Three Approaches 1. Searching for and finding one’s gifts (Hidden in one’s DNA) 2. Pursuing one’s dreams Future 3. Studying Expert Performers to identify how they attained their superior level of achievement
Changes in Attained Level of Performance Within Participant Changes—No Changes in DNA Elite Sub-Elite Amateurs
Changes in Attained Level of Performance Studying HOW it developed Elite Sub-Elite Amateurs
How Can We Explain Plateus? Physical Attributes that cannot be changed by training Height and length of bones Assumed Analogy to Brain Intelligence (Definition from Merriam-Webster Dictionary) the ability to learn or understand things or to deal with new or difficult situations Memory ability (Definition from Merriam-Webster Dictionary) the power or process of remembering what has been learned
Outline for my Presentation I. The Start: Questioning Fixed Innate Limits of General Capacity II. Identifying the Structure of Superior Expert Performance III. The Central Role of Acquired Mental Representations IV. Concluding Thoughts
I. The Start: Questioning Fixed Innate Limits of General Capacity (From Sweden to USA) Can short-term memory be increased by practice and experience? Reading list of digits for immediate recall
Average Adults with Some Experience with Numbers Normal 4710230
Exceptional Memory for Numbers World’s best Math professors Memory experts Normal 4710230 13142238514689828675
Can an adult improve his/her digit span?
Math experts Normal
The Complex Mechanisms Involved in General Process --Increasing capacity
Mental Representations Involved in
Mental Representations Involved in -Confirmed by training studies -Confirmed by f. MRI: s
Purposeful Practice Activities Expert Performance Purposeful Practice Amount of purposeful practice Purposeful practice Identify goal and training activity Adjust difficulty level Immediate feedback and reflection
No Transfer to Other Materials No Shortcuts to Memory Skill
Memory for briefly presented chess positions
Memory for briefly presented chess positions Regular positions Random positions
Mental Representation Playing without a visible chess board Alekhine beat most of the 30 skilled players while playing them simultaneously under blindfold conditions
Acquired Mental Representations for Analyzing Situations (Nevett & French, 1997) (Tuffiash, Roring, & Ericsson, 2007) (Ward & Williams, 2003) chess wikipedia
Specific Physiological Adaptations to Intense Training: Running
Changes observed in most amateur athletes Reduced Oxygen in Blood Growth of Capillaries
Size of the Heart and Endurance Training Heart of champion cyclist Heart of untrained man of same age (H. Rendell)
Changes in the Heart (A. Pelliccia et al. , 2002, Circulation, 105, 944 -9) Thickness of the wall Size of left ventricle
Virtually All Bodily Organs Adapt to Intense Training: Kayaking
Sudden realization of ability or the results of extended training? Fu Bingli, a kung fu master from China
After about 10 years training Fu Bingli, a kung fu master from China
Virtually any aspect of the body and the brain that mediate performance can be changed by practice—except height and body size 5 feet 3 in. 5 feet 9 in. 6 feet 2 in
II. Identifying the Structure of Superior Expert Performance
A reliable chess rating requires cirka 40 tournament matches of 3 -4 hours each Total of 120 -160 hours or over 1, 500 moves Exceptional chess performance
Exceptional chess performance
Exceptional chess performance
(van der Maas et al. , 2005) Illustration of r=0. 8 Exceptional chess performance
Exceptional Climbing performance Exceptional chess performance
Expert Soccer Performance Exceptional chess performance Successful pass completion during match
Show Video Clips & Blank Screen - Generate Best Opportunity for Ball Carrier - Recall of the Position of the Most Important Players Expert Soccer Performance Exceptional chess performance Successful pass completion during match
Exceptional piano performance Exceptional chess performance
Exceptional piano performance Exceptional chess performance
III. The Central Role of Acquired Mental Representations
Design and Sequencing of Training Activities Professional teachers and coaches 1 1. Assess current skill level Set Appropriate Goals 2. Design training tasks for individual students 2 3. with goals attainable within weeks Expert Performance 3
Deliberate Practice Is Purposeful Practice designed and monitored by a teacher “individualized training activities especially designed by a coach or teacher to improve specific aspects of an individual's performance through repetition and successive refinement. (Ericson & Lehmann, 1996, pp. 278 -279)
Accumulated Amount of Practice Alone During the Development of Amateurs and Expert Musicians Photo by Gage Skidmore from Peoria, AZ, USA
Cognitive Processes that Mediated the Selection of a Chess Move Position B Black on move
Cognitive Processes that Mediated the Selection of a Chess Move—Think Aloud * Initial Orientation and Generation of Immediate Possibilities Position B Black on move
Cognitive Processes that Mediated the Selection of a Chess Move—Think Aloud * Initial Orientation and Generation of Immediate Possibilities * Exploration of Possibilities * Systematic Investigation * Final Evaluation Position B Black on move
Starting Age =10
Planning a surgery Video taping of surgery Analysis of video Feedback loop for improved surgical performance Remedial Training
Average Number of Adverse Events per Surgery 2001 2012 (Oremakinde & Bernstein, 2014, p. 302)
Frequency of Mistakes in World Championship Matches Wilhelm Steinitz Viswanathan Anand (Roring & Ericsson, 2006)
VI. Concluding Thoughts Influence by Basic Cognitive Abilities during initial phases in the domain
Can anyone attain this type of shoulder flexibility? Shoulder Joints of Expert Pitchers and Handball Players
Increased myelinization
VI. Concluding Thoughts Acquired mechanisms mediate performance during advanced phases
The Complex Process of Acquisition of of Expert Performance 1 1. Activate genes through practice 2. Teacher guided Deliberate Practice 3. Development of Mental Representations
The Complex Process of Acquisition of of Expert Performance 1 2 1. Activate genes through practice 2. Teacher guided Deliberate Practice 3. Development of Mental Representations
The Complex Process of Acquisition of of Expert Performance 1 3 2 1. Activate genes through practice 2. Teacher guided Deliberate Practice 3. Development of Mental Representations
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