Decision Aids for Soldiers D Bryant and J

Decision Aids for Soldiers D. Bryant and J. Hollands DRDC Toronto Human Systems Integration September 2010

Combat Identification (CID) • Combat Identification (CID) is the capability to identify friendly, enemy and neutral forces rapidly and accurately. – When a weapon is fired, it is fired at an appropriate target • Major risk factors are the loss of situation awareness and misidentification of the target 1

Decision Support Concepts • IFF Systems – Markings (fluorescent, infrared reflecting, etc. ) – Non-cooperative approaches (beacons) – IFF for ground vehicles (millimetre wave (mm. W), infrared laser, and radio -frequency (RF) based solutions) • Blue Force Tracking (BFT) – Mitigate the risk of fratricide by supplying positional information regarding friendly units to enhance SA – U. S. Army BFT system consists of a computer, satellite antenna, and Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver – BFT employs a notebook-size, rugged, 12 -inch diagonal daylight-visible computer display, strapped on or bolted into vehicles, as an interface for operators 2

IMMERSIVE • IMMERSIVE (Instrumented Military Modeling Engine for Research using SImulation and Virtual Environments) – Simulated combat environment – Based on Unreal Tournament software – First-person perspective of a dismounted infantry soldier • This platform presents blocks of trials consisting of: – Terrain (urban environment) – ro. BOTic computer controlled entities (BOTs) – Scenario (sequence of BOT movements and actions) • Subjects played the role of a dismounted soldier – Controlled the movement of the rifle with the mouse and fired by pressing the left button 3

IMMERSIVE Environment 4

Subject’s View 5

IMMERSIVE “BOTs” 6

Simulated Rifle-Mounted IFF 7

Hand-held BFT 8

Hit Rate 9

False Alarm Rate 10

Blue Force Tracking (BFT) • Current BFT systems implemented at vehicle level • Can study impact of hand-held BFT for individual soldiers in the IMMERSIVE environment – Simulate BFT as PDA device – Simulate potential problems/errors in system • Lag or delay in updating positional information 11

Experiment 3: False Alarm Rate 12

Conclusion • Computer-based simulation offers two benefits: – Learn about CID decision making and test models – Evaluate decision support concepts before they are actually available • Both IFF and BFT are viable CID support concepts • Negative effect of update lag on BFT indicates that systems may not provide benefits under some conditions 13

Reliance on Soldier Decision Aids • Advances in soldier decision aids • Soldier Information requirements • Disclosing system reliability • Displaying reliability (uncertainty) • See through display DIR 14

Soldier Information Requirements • Improved SA, performance benefits and high usability and acceptance with augmented reality information displayed using Virtual Retinal Displays or dashboard, spectacle mounted HMDs • Consider displaying cueing information (e. g. , rolling compass, indicators for next waypoint, bearing, location of friendly and enemy entities) superimposed on real scene. • Egocentric: FFOV spatial and identity information 15

Individual Combat ID System w IFF vs BFT: uncertainty about ‘unknown’ feedback w Feedback: ‘friend’ (explicit), ‘unknown’ (implicit) § ‘Friend’ reliability : P( friendly | ’friend’ ) ≈ 100% § ‘Unknown’ reliability : P( hostile | ‘unknown’ ) < 100% 16 Wang, L. , Jamieson, G. A. , & Hollands, J. G. (2009). Trust and reliance on an automated combat identification system. Human Factors, 51, 281 -291.

Human-Automation Performance • Generally human-automation performance improves with automation reliability • However, for CID even highly reliable aids failed to improved target identification (Dzindolet, Pierce, Beck, Dawe, & Anderson, 2000, 2001; Dzindolet, Pierce, Pomranky, Peterson, & Beck, 2001; Karsh et al. , 1995; Kogler, 2003) • Trust in automated system not examined 17

Methodology and Measures w Task: Make correct engagement decisions w if hostile shoot; if friend hold fire w SDT reliance measure Participant’s view 18 Friendly Hostile Hollands, J. G. , & Neyedli, H. F. (in press). A reliance model for automated combat identification systems: Implications for trust in automation. In N. Stanton (Ed. ), Trust in military teams. Farnham, England: Ashgate.

Results w CID accuracy was improved in the 80% condition but not in the 67% reliabilty condition • Informed group changed their response bias more appropriately than the uninformed group 80% 19 67%

Displaying Uncertainty • No Feedback (unknown feedback)=? ? Numeric 38% 60% p=0. 05 Linguistic likely, unlikely, probable Graphic Finger & Bisantz, 2002 20 Neyedli, H. , Hollands, J. G. , & Jamieson, G. A. (2009). Human reliance on an automated combat identification system: Effects of display format. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society – 53 rd Annual Meeting (pp. 212 -216). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

Experimental Design 2 display method x 2 display format x 5 reliability levels display method Mesh integrated separated 21 Pie

Results: Interface Format Compute ßoptimal equation. ßactual fit to ßoptimal model. Integrated Pie: R 2 = 0. 24, Mesh: R 2 = 0. 19 22 Separated Pie: R 2 = -0. 04, Mesh: R 2 = -0. 27

Results: Display Method d’ Mesh Pie Reliability Level 23

DIR: See-Through Eyeglass Wearable Display Revision Eyewear Inc. Project Objectives The primary objective of this DIR is to develop and prototype wearable display related technologies with mid-term future growth to provide long-term technology options to the sniper community and the broader Land Force. 24

Implications • DIR project is supported by the military sponsor (DLR-5) and will have long term benefits for the Integrated Soldier System Project (ISSP). • Image and information display to soldiers using protective eyewear integrated with see-through display combines ISR and protection together • Our work on Decision Aids for Soldiers provides potential content • Enhance the situational awareness and survivability of the CF 25

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