Days of Remembrance April 12 -19 2015 Learning

Days of Remembrance April 12 -19, 2015 Learning from the Holocaust: Choosing to Act

Days of Remembrance Holocaust Each year, the United States Memorial Museum leads the nation in commemorating Days of Remembrance. 2

Days of Remembrance established by the U. S. Days of Remembrance was Congress to memorialize the six million Jews murdered in the Holocaust—as well as the millions of non-Jewish victims—of Nazi persecution. Wedding rings the Nazis removed from their victims to salvage the gold. 3

Days of Remembrance Millions of ordinary people witnessed the crimes of the Holocaust—in the countryside and city squares, in stores and schools, in homes and workplaces. Across Europe, the Nazis found countless helpers who willingly collaborated or were complicit in their crimes. Parading the prisoners past townspeople, the SS yelled, “Here are the Jews. Do 4 to them what you will!”

Days of Remembrance The victims had no control over, or choice in their fates. 5

Days of Remembrance The rescuers, on the other hand, made choices. They chose to risk their own and their families’ lives, in an attempt to intervene and help rescue those being persecuted. 6

This presentation commemorates the actions and stories of ordinary people who, through their actions, became extraordinary. 7

Days of Remembrance “In their uniqueness, stories of rescue remind us all of the wide range of choices that we are capable of making as individuals. Our actions in the face of injustice of hatred always matter. ” —The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 8

Days of Remembrance Emilie Schindler Housewife 9

Days of Remembrance husband Oskar’s Schindler was essential to her efforts to protect Jews during the Holocaust. While Oskar was away, she encountered Nazis taking 250 starving Jews to a death camp. She convinced them that more Jews were needed at their factory, which already employed more than one thousand. She worked tirelessly to save them. As of 1994, there were over 6, 000 descendants of the 10 original 1, 200 that the couple saved.

Days of Remembrance Anton Schmid German Soldier 11

Days of Remembrance was drafted into the Schmid was an Austrian who German army. While stationed in Lithuania, he used his position to help Jews at every opportunity. He provided them with jobs, permits, provisions, shelter, and transport to safer areas. He even hid some in his apartment and office. Although he was warned that the Nazis had heard of his activities, he persisted until he was arrested and executed for treason. 12

Days of Remembrance Father Czeslaw Baran Franciscan Monk 13

Days of Remembrance nuns, and monks During the Holocaust, priests, rescued Jews by hiding them in more than 900 church institutions across Poland was the only country in which providing assistance to Jews was routinely punished by death. Father Baran and his fellow monks worked with the Sisters of Mary to hide Jewish children in a convent school near Warsaw. After the liberation, all the children were returned to the surviving 14 Jewish community.

Days of Remembrance Paul Grueninger Police Commander 15

Days of Remembrance of the Swiss Border Captain Grueninger, commander Police, chose to disregard orders to close the borders to Jewish refugees. He falsified documents to allow 3, 600 Jews to enter and stay in Switzerland. He was terminated for defying orders, and was convicted of breach of duty, and left destitute. He said, “My personal well-being, measured against the cruel fate of these thousands, was so insignificant and unimportant that I never even took it into consideration. ” 16

Days of Remembrance Irena Sendler Senior Administrator 17

Days of Remembrance over 2, 500 Jewish Sendler successfully smuggled children to safety and gave them temporary new identities. She was arrested, imprisoned and tortured by the Gestapo, who broke her feet and legs. She refused to betray either fellow liberators or any of the Jewish children in hiding. In spite of all her fearless actions, she nonetheless lamented, “We are not heroes. I continue to have qualms of conscience that I did so little. ” 18

Days of Remembrance Maria Olt 19

Days of Remembrance Olt saw that her During a medical appointment, physician was wearing a yellow emblem. He told her that he feared for his family’s safety. She took him, his wife, and their newborn daughter to a small village where she created false identity documents for them, and hid them for ten months until the war ended. She also took care of numerous Jewish families and personally carried a baby girl out of the Warsaw 20 ghetto, claiming she was a Christian.

Days of Remembrance Leopold Socha Sanitation Worker 21

Days of Remembrance through the Socha discovered Jews crawling sewers to escape the liquidation of the Lwow ghetto. Using his knowledge of the sewer systems, he found hiding places and, with his wife and a coworker, brought food and news from the outside. He initially received money for his efforts, but chose to continue to help after the payments stopped. Ten of the twenty-one people he tried to help survived. 22

Days of Remembrance Father Henri Reynders “Father Bruno” 23

Days of Remembrance When the deportation of Jews began in Belgium, Father Bruno, recently released from a POW camp, organized an underground operation to shelter Jewish children. He provided them with ration cards and false identification papers, and arranged financial support for their host families. After the liberation, he helped reunite the children with surviving parents. 24

Days of Remembrance Henry Christian Thomsen Innkeeper 25

Days of Remembrance Thomsen was an innkeeper in Denmark, who joined the Danish resistance. He saved hundreds of Jews by helping them escape Nazi-occupied Denmark. His inn served as a secret meeting place for fishermen who used their boats to take Jews to Sweden. When the growing number of Jews seeking help swamped his fellow smugglers, he bought a boat to help transport them himself. He was caught and died in a concentration camp. 26

Days of Remembrance Tatyana and Ania Kontsevich Homemaker and Daughter 27

Days of Remembrance Nazis and local During September 1941, the collaborators murdered 33, 000 Jews in a ravine outside the Ukrainian capital. Some Jews managed to escape, and were saved by their neighbors, who provided them shelter and food. Kontsevich and her ten-year-old daughter Ania sheltered a family in their attic. While home alone, Ania distracted German soldiers from searching the attic, where the family would inevitably have been discovered. 28

Days of Remembrance Nicholas Winton Bank Employee 29

Days of Remembrance Winton singlehandedly established an organization that helped nearly 700 Jewish Czechoslovakian children by bringing them to Britain for adoption. He insisted, “I just saw what was going on and did what I could to help. There is nothing that can’t be done, if it’s fundamentally reasonable. . . ” An estimated 5, 000 survivors and their descendants are alive today because of Winton’s actions. 30

Days of Remembrance Refik Veseli Student 31

Days of Remembrance After Yugoslavia was invaded, Moshe Mandil and his family fled into Albania. Refik Veseli, a 16 -year -old student and photography apprentice, took them to his parents’ house in the Muslim village of Krujë. Mandil’s children lived openly as villagers while he and his wife hid in a small room in a barn. After the war, the family returned to Yugoslavia and reopened their photography shop. Refik lived with 32 them and continued his apprenticeship.

Days of Remembrance Juliette Usach Children’s Home Director 33

Days of Remembrance Spanish civil war and Born in Spain, Usach fled the became the director of a children’s home in Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, France. She and other residents hid Jewish refugees and supplied them with false identification papers, birth certificates, and ration cards. Groups of Jews also were taken across the border into Switzerland. It is estimated that the people of Le Chambon village saved more than 5, 000 refugees. 34

Days of Remembrance Today these courageous individuals are considered heroes, but many rescuers did not see themselves this way. The villagers refused to accept praise. “How can you call us good? ” one villager asked. “We did what had to be done. ” Jewish and Christian children play together in wartime Le Chambon-sur. Lignon 35

Days of Remembrance For the United States Armed Services, these events are not a distant memory. Our modern military was forged in the fight against Nazi tyranny. To defeat Hitler we mobilized all of the strength that we could muster, and in that effort we witnessed many of our finest hours as a military and indeed, as a country. 36

Days of Remembrance Today we carry forward the proud legacy of men and women of the United States Army who played a vital role in liberating the camps at Buchenwald, Dora-Mittelbau, Flossenbürg, Dachau, and Mauthausen. American forces not only brought freedom to the survivors of Nazi horrors, they also made sure that in its aftermath the world would know what had happened. 37

Days of Remembrance captured the first In the days after Allied forces concentration camps, General Dwight Eisenhower, General George Patton, and General Omar Bradley themselves inspected a camp, and saw atrocities that had occurred. They were, in Eisenhower’s words, atrocities “beyond the American mind to comprehend. ” 38

Days of Remembrance American soldier in the Eisenhower ordered every area who was not on the front lines to tour these camps, so that they could themselves see what they were fighting against, and why they were fighting. These soldiers became not only liberators, but witnesses to one of the greatest atrocities in history. 39

Days of Remembrance The commitment of our forces to the survivors of Nazi atrocities did not end with liberation. In the aftermath of war, we cared for survivors and we helped reunite families. We provided physical nourishment, and we provided spiritual nourishment as well. 40

Days of Remembrance raises awareness that democratic institutions and values are not simply sustained, but need to be appreciated, nurtured, and protected. It also clearly illustrates the roots and ramifications of prejudice, racism, and stereotyping in any society. 41

Days of Remembrance More importantly, silence and indifference to the suffering of others, or to the infringement of civil rights in any society, can—however unintentionally—perpetuate these problems. 42

“The opposite of love is not hate, it's indifference. ” —Elie Wiesel Survivor of the Auschwitz, Buna, Buchenwald, and Gleiwitz concentration camps 43

Sources http: //www. ushmm. org/ http: //www. yadvashem. org/yv/en/righteou s/about. asp http: //www. defense. gov/speeches/speech. a spx? speechid=1664 44

Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute, Patrick Air Force Base, Florida March 2015 Dawn W. Smith DEOMI Research Directorate All photographs are public domain and are from various sources, as cited. The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official DEOMI, U. S. military services, or Department of Defense position, unless designated by other authorized documents. 45