Cultural Patterns There a number of cultural pattern

Cultural Patterns There a number of cultural pattern typologies that have been compiled by scholars from various disciplines. In almost all cases, the goal was to discern (to define) patterns that would help identify and understand dissimilar cultural values.

Components of Cultural Patterns • Сulture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, norms, and social practices. • The nature of beliefs, values, norms, and social practices together constitute the components of cultural patterns.

Key Behavioral Patterns Kohls’ list of Values Americans Live By Hofstede’s set of Value Dimensions Minkov’s Monumentalism versus Flexhumility The Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck classification of Value Orientations The GLOBE Study Hall’s categorization of High-Context and Low. Context Orientations Ting-Toomey’s explanation and application of Face and Facework.

US VALUES FOREIGN COUNTERPART VALUES Personal Control over the Environment 1 Fate Change 2 Tradition Time & Its Control 3 Human Interaction Equality 4 Hierarchy/Rank/Status Individualism/Privacy 5 Group’s Welfare Self-Help 6 Birthright Inheritance >>>>>

Competition 7 Cooperation Future Orientation 8 Past Orientation Action/Work Orientation 9 “Being” Orientation Informality 10 Formality Directness/Openness/Honesty 11 Indirectness/Ritual/“Face” • Practicality/Efficiency 12 Idealism • Materialism/Acquisitiveness 13 Spiritualism/Detachment • • •

HOFSTEDE’S VALUE DIMENSIONS • • • INDIVIDUALISM / COLLECTIVISM UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE (high – low) POWER DISTANCE MASCULINITY / FEMININITY LONG- AND SHORT-TERM ORIENTATION

INDULGENCE (склонность к излишеству)/RESTRAINT (сдержанность) M. Minkov • Thrift (бережливость) unimportant • Moral discipline relaxed • Positive attitude prevalent['prev(ə)lənt] (преобладающий) распространённый • Optimism prevalent • Relaxed gender roles • Smiling a norm • Freedom of speech primary value • Maintaining national order secondary concern • Thrift important • Moral discipline observed • Cynicism prevalent • Pessimism prevalent • Defined gender roles • Smiling considered suspect • Freedom of speech secondary value • Maintaining national order primary concern

MINKOV’S MONUMENTALISM/FLEXHUMILITY • “Monumentalism” refers to statues, which are created to reflect pride in a person, event, or thing, and once erected, are relatively unchangeable. • “Flexhumility” is a combination of the words self-flexible and humility (сдержанность, скромность).

In monumentalism cultures, people usually possess and openly demonstrate pride in themselves, their achievements, families, and other social institutions. Conversely, people from flexhumility cultures typically exercise humility (lack of pride), situational flexibility, and readily adapt to changing conditions.

• MONUMENTALISM FLEXHUMILITY Self-pride/self-promotion • Self-concept is consistent/fixed • Truth is absolute • Absolutist cognition • Religion is important • Interpersonal competition valued • Lower value on education • Difficulty in adapting to another culture • Suicide taboo • Tipping (slope - отклонение) expected/prevalent Humility • Self-concept is flexible/fluid • Truth is relative • Holistic (integral) cognition • Religion less important • Interpersonal competition problematic • Higher value on education • Easily adapts to another culture • Suicide accepted • Tipping not expected/rarely done

KLUCKHOHN AND STRODTBECK’S VALUE ORIENTATIONS describe five problems or orientations that each culture must address: I. What is the human orientation to activity? 2. What is the relationship of humans to each other? 3. What is the nature of human beings? 4. What is the relationship of humans to the natural world? 5. What is the orientation of humans to time (past, present, future)?

HALL’S HIGH-CONTEXT AND LOW-CONTEXT ORIENTATIONS In high-context cultures meanings do not have to be stated verbally because there is normally a strong level of similitude among the people. This leads to similar perceptions, experiences, societal expectations, and which produces well defined social protocols.

Meaning in high-context cultures is also conveyed through status (age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliations/membership) and through an individual’s informal friends and associates.

• In low-context cultures, the verbal message contains most of the information and very little is embedded in the context or the participant’s nonverbal activity. • People admire individuals who have a large vocabulary and who can express themselves clearly and cleverly

GLOBE STUDY CULTURAL DIMENSIONS The investigation is focused on nine cultural dimensions derived from work by earlier researchers such as Hofstede and Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck

1. Uncertainty Avoidance The extent that societal or organizational members work to reduce uncertainty about future events through the use of social norms, protocols, and established practices. 2. Power Distance The degree that societal or organizational members acquiesce [ˌækwɪ'es] to the unequal distribution of power.

3. Collectivism – Societal The degree that established social and organizational practices condone (потворствовать) and reward collective actions and resource distribution. 4. Collectivism – In-group The degree of pride, loyalty, and interconnectedness that people have in their family or organization.

5. Gender Egalitarianism (эгалитаризм (концепция всеобщего равенства прав или благосостояния как принцип организации общественной жизни) The degree that a society or organization minimizes differences in gender roles and gender inequality. 6. Assertiveness (напористость, уверенность) How assertive, confrontational, and aggressive are members of a society or organization in their social interactions.

7. Future Orientation

9. Humane Orientation The degree that a society or organization promotes and rewards displays of fairness, altruism, generosity, caring, and kindness toward others.

FACE AND FACEWORK • The final cultural pattern was developed by intercultural communication scholar Ting-Toomey, whose work highlights the role of “face” and “face-work” in intercultural communication. • The term face as a metaphor for the selfimage you want to project to other people; face is your public identity.

• Since face is how others see you, it is acquired, maintained, and lost through social interaction. • This process is referred to facework - “a set of coordinated practices in which communicators build, maintain, protect, or threaten personal dignity, honor, and respect. ” In other words, facework consists of those actions you engage in to acquire or maintain face for yourself or give face to someone else.