CSCI 3131 01 Programming with Visual Basic Instructor

CSCI 3131. 01 Programming with Visual Basic Instructor: Bindra Shrestha University of Houston – Clear Lake

Acknowledgement Dr. Xinhua Chen Starting Out with Visual Basic 2010 by Tony Gaddis and Kip Irvine

Chapter 1 Introduction to Programming and Visual Basic Topics: • Computer hardware and software • Programming languages • History of Visual Basic • Procedural programming and object-oriented programming • Event-driven programming model • Steps of developing an application • Visual Studio 2010 IDE • Create and save a solution. • Open existing solution

Computer Systems: Computer Hardware and Software Hardware Input Device Central Processing Unit Main Memory Output Device Secondary Storage

Software refers to the programs that run on a computer. Two categories of software: 1. Operating system (OS) A set of programs that manage the computer’s hardware devices and control their processes. Examples: Windows Vista, Mac OS X, Linux. 2. Application software Programs that make the computer useful to the user. Examples: Microsoft Word, Adobe PDF Reader

Programs and Programming Languages What is a program? A computer program is a set of instructions that enables the computer to solve a problem or perform a task. Figure 1 -2 shows an example of program steps of a Wage Calculator application. (Page 4) The program steps are called an algorithm.

Main Memory • • • Commonly referred to as Random Access Memory (RAM) Is an ordered sequence of storage cells, each capable of holding a piece of data. Each memory cell has a distinct address. The information held can be input data, computed values, or program instructions, which are represented in combination of 0 s or 1 s. This is so-called binary representation. The information stored in RAM is volatile.

Secondary Storage • A nonvolatile storage medium • Contents retained while power is off • Hard disk drives are most common • Records data magnetically on a circular disk • Provides fast access to large amounts of data • Optical devices store data on CD’s as pits • USB flash memory devices • High capacity device plugs into USB port • Portable, reliable, and fits easily in a pocket

Input Device • Any type of device that provides data to a computer from the outside world • For example: • Keyboard • Mouse • Scanner

Output Devices • Any type of device that provides data from a computer to the outside world • Examples of output data: • A printed report • An image such as a picture • A sound • Common output devices include: • Monitor (display screen) • Printer

Programming Languages • The steps in our algorithm must be stated in a form the computer understands • The CPU processes instructions as a series of 1’s and 0’s called machine language • This is a tedious and difficult format for people • Instead, programming languages allow us to use words instead of numbers • Software converts the programming language statements to machine language

History of Programming Languages Machine Languages Computer hardware consists of microelectronic switches, which can be switched on or off. The on/off switch status can be represented using binary 1 and 0. Example of machine language code: 0010 1100 0110 0000 Machine language is CPU type-dependent. That is, every type of CPU has its own machine language. Machine languages are low-level programming languages.

Low-level Programming Languages Assembly languages use mnemonics in place of the 0 s and 1 s in programs. It is common to see that the mnemonic ADD is used to represent the add operation. For example, ADD bx, ax In order to execute a program written in Assembly language, the program should be first converted into a machine language program using an Assembler, which is also a program. Assembly languages are low-level languages and are CPU type -dependent.

High-Level Programming Languages High-level program languages more resemble English language than low-level languages. Examples: • Visual Basic • C# • Python • C • Javascript • C++ • Java • PHP • • Visual Basic is not just a programming language It’s a programming environment with tools to: • • Create screen elements Write programming language statements

High-Level Languages (cont’d) High-level languages allow programmers to write programs in a more readable form. For example: gross. Pay = hours * rate Programs written in high-level languages should be converted into machine languages using interpreters or compilers. An interpreter translates a program from high-level language into machine language line by line during program execution. A compiler translates a program into machine language in its entirety before executing the complied program.

Language Portability Low-level languages are CPU-dependent, thus they are not portable. High-level languages are not CPU-dependent, thus they are portable. Compilers that work for specific types of computer systems made the high-level language portable.

Programming Models Two programming models in use: • Procedural programming - Legacy model • Constructed as a set of procedures (operational, functional units) • Each procedure is a set of instructions • The Gross Pay computation is a procedure • Object-oriented programming (OOP) – Modern model OOP makes code reuse easier OOP is more suitable for developing complex software Visual Basic 2010 is an object-oriented programming language.

Procedural programming The program concentrates on the major tasks that the program needs to perform. A program accomplishes a major task, which is divided into sub tasks and accomplished by sub programs. Radio Receiver Program Start Get frequency settings and volume settings from user Receive radio signal Extract audio signal from radio signal Send audio signal to speakers

Object-oriented programming (OOP) An object-oriented program concentrates on software objects that are extracted from real-world objects. The major task of the program is accomplished by sending messages to the objects in the program. Radio Receiver Program (OOP) User Interface Convert audio signal into sound Set Frequency/ Start receiving/ Stop receiving Signal Receiver Extract audio signal Signal Extractor Speakers

OOP Terminology What is an object? An object in the context of object-oriented programming is anything that software developers are interested. Software objects model the real-world objects, which may be visible or invisible, something one can touch or untouchable; something that has weight or weightless. Sample objects: Car, person, employee, air, credit, receipt and account.

Example of Object • This is a Visual Basic GUI object called a form • Contains data and actions • Data, such as Hourly Pay Rate, is a text property that determines the appearance of form objects • Actions, such as Calculate Gross Pay, is a method that determines how the form reacts • A form is an object that contains other objects such as buttons, text boxes, and labels

Example of Object • Form elements are objects called controls • This form has: – Two Text. Box controls – Four Label controls – Two Button controls • The value displayed by a control is held in the text property of the control • Left button text property is Calculate Gross Pay • Buttons have methods attached to click events

Event Driven Programming: Events • The GUI environment is event-driven • An event is an action that takes place within a program – Clicking a button (a Click event) – Keying in a Text. Box (a Text. Changed event) • Visual Basic controls are capable of detecting many, many events • A program can respond to an event if the programmer writes an event procedure

Visual Basic Controls • As a Windows user you’re already familiar with many Visual Basic controls: • • Label - displays text the user cannot change Text. Box - allows the user to enter text Button – performs an action when clicked Radio. Button - A round button that is selected or deselected with a mouse click • Check. Box – A box that is checked or unchecked with a mouse click • Form - A window that contains these controls • Tutorial 1 -3 demonstrates these controls

Tutorial 1 -3, Visual Basic Controls

Name Property • • All controls have properties Each property has a value (or values) Not all properties deal with appearance The name property establishes a means for the program to refer to that control • Controls are assigned relatively meaningless names when created • Programmers usually change these names to something more meaningful

Examples of Names § The label controls use the default names (Label 1, etc. ) § Text boxes, buttons, and the Gross Pay label play an active role in the program and have been changed Label 1 Label 2 txt. Hours. Worked txt. Pay. Rate lbl. Gross. Pay Label 3 btn. Calc. Gross. Pay btn. Close

Naming Conventions • Control names must start with a letter • Remaining characters may be letters, digits, or underscore • Convention used in this book: • 1 st 3 lowercase letters indicate the type of control – txt… for Text Boxes – lbl… for Labels – btn… for Buttons • After that, capitalize the first letter of each word • txt. Hours. Worked is clearer than txthoursworked

Language Elements • Keywords: Words with special meaning to Visual Basic (e. g. , Private, Sub) • Programmer-defined-names: Names created by the programmer (e. g. , sng. Gross. Pay, btn. Close) • Operators: Special symbols to perform common operations (e. g. , +, -, *, and /) • Remarks: Comments inserted by the programmer – these are ignored when the program runs (e. g. , any text preceded by a single quote)

Language Elements: Syntax • Syntax defines the correct use of key words, operators, & programmer-defined names • Similar to the syntax (rules) of English that defines correct use of nouns, verbs, etc. • A program that violates the rules of syntax will not run until corrected

The Programming Process Summary of Steps: • Designing • Creating • Testing • Debugging

Step 1 of Developing an Application • Clearly define what the program is to do • For example, the Wage Calculator program: – Purpose: To calculate the user’s gross pay – Input: Number of hours worked, hourly pay rate – Process: Multiply number of hours worked by hourly pay rate (result is the user’s gross pay) – Output: Display a message indicating the user’s gross pay

Step 2 of Developing an Application • Visualize the application running on the computer and design its user interface

Step 3 of Developing an Application • Make a list of the controls needed Type Text. Box Label Name txt. Hours. Worked txt. Pay. Rate lbl. Gross. Pay Button btn. Calc. Gross. Pay Button btn. Close Description Allows the user to enter the number of hours worked. Allows the user to enter the hourly pay rate Displays the gross pay, after the btn. Calc. Gross. Pay button has been clicked When clicked, multiplies the number of hours worked by the hourly pay rate When clicked, terminates the application Label Form (default) Description for Number of Hours Worked Text. Box Description for Hourly Pay Rate Text. Box Description for Gross Pay Earned Label A form to hold these controls

Step 4 of Developing an Application • Define values for each control's relevant properties: Control Type Form Label Text. Box Button Control Name (Default) lbl. Gross. Pay txt. Hours. Worked txt. Pay. Rate btn. Calc. Gross. Pay btn. Close Text "Wage Calculator" "Number of Hours Worked" "Hourly Pay Rate" "Gross Pay Earned" "$0. 00" "" "" "Calculate Gross Pay" "Close"

Step 5 of Developing an Application • List the methods needed for each control: Method btn. Calc. Gross. Pay_Click Description Multiplies hours worked by hourly pay rate These values are entered into the txt. Hours. Worked and txt. Pay. Rate Text. Boxes Result is stored in lbl. Gross. Pay Text property btn. Close_Click Terminates the application

Step 6 of Developing an Application • Create pseudocode or a flowchart of each method: – Pseudocode is an English-like description in programming language terms Store Hours Worked x Hourly Pay Rate in sng. Gross. Pay. Store the value of sng. Gross. Pay in lbl. Gross. Pay. Text. – A flowchart is a diagram that uses boxes and other symbols to represent each step Start Multiply hours worked by hourly payrate. Store result in sng. Gross. Pay. Copy value in sng. Gross. Pay to lbl. Gross. Pay text property End

Step 7 of Developing an Application • Check the code for errors: – Read the flowchart and/or pseudocode – Step through each operation as though you are the computer – Use a piece of paper to jot down the values of variables and properties as they change – Verify that the expected results are achieved

Step 8 of Developing an Application • Use Visual Basic to create the forms and other controls identified in step 3 – This is the first use of Visual Basic, all of the previous steps have just been on paper – In this step you develop the portion of the application the user will see

Step 9 of Developing an Application • Use Visual Basic to write the code for the event procedures and other methods created in step 6 – This is the second step on the computer – In this step you develop the methods behind the click event for each button – Unlike the form developed on step 8, this portion of the application is invisible to the user

Step 10 of Developing an Application • Attempt to run the application - find syntax errors – Correct any syntax errors found – Syntax errors are the incorrect use of an element of the programming language – Repeat this step as many times as needed – All syntax errors must be removed before Visual Basic will create a program that actually runs

Step 11 of Developing an Application • Run the application using test data as input – Run the program with a variety of test data – Check the results to be sure that they are correct – Incorrect results are referred to as a runtime error – Correct any runtime errors found – Repeat this step as many times as necessary

Documentation • Documentation is the written text and comments that make a program easier to read, use and modify. • Documentation is an essential part of a software program. • Documentation can be found the code text. A software manual is also considered as part of the documentation. • UHCL has its own documentation guidelines. Students should check the requirements on my web page and follow the guidelines in the program assignments.

Visual Studio 2010 • Visual Studio 2010 is an integrated development environment (IDE) • It includes the following high-level language editor and compilers and debuggers: Visual Basic 2010, Visual C++ 2010, Visual C# 2010. • It allows programmers to build Window-based programs or Web-based programs. Programs are referred to as applications. • The applications built using Visual Basic 2010 works on Microsoft. NET Framework 4. 0. • Multiple. NET languages can be used in one program project.

Visual Basic 2010 The Visual Basic 2010 compiler does not compile the Visual Basic source code into machine code. The Visual Basic 2010 compiler translates the source code into a virtual machine language called Bytecode. This bytecode is also called IL (Intermediate Language). Visual Basic 2010 is one of the. NET languages and the applications created using. NET languages are called. NET applications.

The Visual Basic Environment • Tutorial 1 -4 introduces elements of the IDE: – – – – Customizing the IDE Design window – a place to design and create a form Solution Explorer window – shows files in the solution Properties window – modify properties of an object Dynamic Help window – a handy reference tool Toolbar – contains icons for frequently used functions Toolbox window – objects used in form design Tooltips – a short description of button’s purpose

Compilation of Visual Basic. NET • The bytecode created by the VB. NET compiler must be interpreted by the Microsoft Common Language Runtime (CLR) interpreter before the CPU can execute it. • The CLR is part of Microsoft. NET platform. • The runtime files of Microsoft. NET platform is part of Microsoft Visual Studio. NET and can also be downloaded from the Microsoft web site. . NET program language-specific compiler IL CLR and JIT compiler native machine code

Source Code, Object Code and Executable Code • Source code refers to the program written in a high-level language. • Object code is the machine language version of the source code. • Executable code is created from the object code and necessary software library components. The executable code is ready to be run on an operating system. • In Microsoft Windows operating system, a file with file types of. exe holds the executable code.