Cross-Cultural Psychology Lecture 1. Brief History and Research Methods for Cross-Cultural Psychology.
Every man is in certain respects like all other men, like some other men, like no other man. (Kluckholm Murray)
Cross-Cultural Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes, including both their variability and invariance, under diverse cultural conditions. Primary aims: - To investigate systematic relations between behavioral variables and ethnic cultural variables; - To investigate generalizations of psychological principles. The Unit of analysis is individual in-a-cultural -context.
Cross-Cultural psychology has a long past but only a short history. It was a branch of Social Psychology. As an organized intellectual discipline it started with the establishment of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology in 1972, in Hong Kong.
Brief History I German Contribution. -1816 - Herbart argued that the individual could be understood only in a social context. -1860 -1890 - a journal with articles about group behavior, psychology of culture, comparative studies, special emphasis on language. 1900 -1920 - W. Wundt- ten volumes about Folk Psychology: customs, myth, relationship between a language and its people.
French and British contribution - - - 1897 – Durkheim believed that individual behavior was under the control of society. The psychology of group mind, abnormal aspects of social psychology. 1890 – Bronislaw Malinowski studied experimental psychology under Wundt London New Guinea: attack on the universality of S. Freud’s Oedipus complex.
American and Other countries contributions: Boas, Sapir, Whorf: how language affected thinking and perceptions within a culture. Other countries: natural laboratories for Cross-Cultural research - Hong-Kong – where Eastern and Western cultures intersect + political uncertainty; - Israel – mixture of immigrants from different regions and cultures; - Canada – 2 distinct languages and customs - Australia – contrast of white Australians and aborigines. -
Experimentation Pivotal technique in cross-cultural comparison because of its precision. Our behavior can be viewed in 2 very different ways: - A product of our internal dispositions (genes, personality traits) - A result of our situational context (physical and social environment) - Outgrowth of the interaction of these two (dispositions with situations) These factors can be experimentally separated. (Observation method, interview, surveys, testing method, case-study, attitude measurement)
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