CRCT Review Southwest Asia Map Bodies

CRCT Review

Southwest Asia Map

Bodies of Water in the Middle East

Resources • Scarce • Water – “not a lot of” • Abundant – “a lot of” • Oil

Oil Production • How has an abundance of Oil and Organization of OPEC affected the economies of SW Asia (Middle East)?

• How have deserts and rivers affected population and where people live?

Ethnic vs. Religious • Ethnic • Something you cannot change – Persians – Kurds – Arabs • Religious • Something you choose to practice – Islam – Christianity – Judaism

Middle Eastern Ethnic Groups • Persians • Iran • Afghanistan 75% Muslim 60% Shia • Kurds • Syria • Iraq • Iran • Turkey • Arabs • 21 Middle Eastern countries • Saudi Arabia • Syria • Lebanon The majority of Kurds • Yemen are Sunni Muslims. • Jordan • Iraq Some minorities • Qatar include Christianity, Judaism, and Ba’hai. 90% of Arabs are Muslim. The remaining 10 % are Christian and Jewish.

Religious Groups of the Middle East

Islam • • • Founded in Saudi Arabia Founded by Muhammad Holy Cities are Mecca and Medina 5 Pillars of Islam Monotheistic Quran Abrahamic Muslims Sunni Shia/ Shiite

Sunni/ Shia Split Muslims while Muhammad was Caliph Shi’a Believed that the daughter of Muhammad should be the next caliph Sunni Believed that any Muslim could be the Caliph after Muhammad Died

Judaism • • Oldest Religion in the Middle East Monotheistic Abrahamic Anti-Semitism Zionism Israel (1948) Torah (Old Testament) 10 Commandments

Christianity • • • Offshoot of Judaism Founded in the Middle East Abrahamic Monotheistic Jesus= Son of God Bible 10 Commandments Minority in ME Old and New Testament

Literacy Rate and Standard of Living • Literacy Rate – The % of people in a country (15+) who can read and write Literacy Rate Standard of Living

DISTRIBUTION OF POWER

UNITARY Unitary Characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is held by one central authority. Example: King or Dictator

CONFEDERATION Confederation Voluntary association of independent states, to secure some common purpose, agree to certain limitations on their freedom of action and establish some joint machinery of consultation or deliberation Example: OPEC CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA (during civil war)

FEDERAL Federal Characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is divided between on central and several regional authorities Example: USA

CITIZENS PARTICIPATION IN GOVERNMENT

AUTOCRATIC Autocratic government in which one person possesses unlimited power and the citizens have little if any role in the government

OLIGARCHIC Oligarchic (oli-gar-kick) Government by the few, sometimes in which a small group exercises control especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. The citizen has a very limited role.

DEMOCRATIC Democratic A government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving free elections.

FORMS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT Parliamentary

PARLIAMENTARY Parliamentary A system of Government having the real executive power vested in a cabinet composed of member of the legislature who are individually and collectively responsible to legislature. May have prime minister elected by the legislature

PRESIDENTIAL Presidential A system of government in which the president is constitutionally independent of the legislature

Middle Eastern Government Distribution of Power Citizens Role Theocracy of Iran Unitary Oligarchic Monarchy of Saudi Arabia Unitary Autocratic State of Israel Unitary Democracy Parliamentary

South & Eastern Asia Governments Distribution of Power The Republic of India Citizens Role Federal Democracy Parliamentary Communist State of Unitary the People’s Republic of China Oligarchy The Constitutional Monarchy of Japan Democracy Parliamentary Federal

African Governments Distribution of Power Citizens Role The Republic of Kenya Federal The Dictatorship of the Republic of Sudan Unitary Democracy Presidential Autocratic Republic of South Africa Federal Democracy Parliamentary

Economic Questions Saudi Arabia • What to produce • How to produce • For Whom to produce South Africa China India Japan North Korea Israel Turkey Nigeria Command When gov’t decides all three Free Market When people decide all three

Trade • Specialization of Trade occurs when countries have different natural, human, and capital resources and different ways of combining these resources, they are not equally efficient at producing the goods and services that their residents demand.

Trade Restrictions • Trade Barrier – government policy or regulation that restricts international trade. The barriers can take many forms, including the following terms that include many restrictions in international trade within multiple countries that import and export any items of trade. Tariffs Quotas Embargos

QUOTAS • A type of trade barrier that sets a physical limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported into a country in a given period of time.

EMBARGO • EMBARG----NO – Restriction of trade with a specified country…

TARIFFS • A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary. They are usually associated with protectionism, the economic policy of restraining trade between nations. For political reasons, tariffs are usually imposed on imported goods, although they may also be imposed on exported goods.

Human Capital • Human Capital – Amount of money a person is capable of making

Think about it… • If Sudan wanted to increase it’s GDP by increasing Human Capital what could the country do? ? – Invest money into _______ and _______. . . .

Capital • Capital – assets available for use in the production of further assets

Think about it… • If Sudan wanted to increase it’s GDP by increasing Capital what could the country do? ? – Invest money into _______ and _______. . . .

Establishment of Israel • WWII – Jews were persecuted during the Holocaust in Germany • Anti-Semitism – Prejudice against or hostility towards Jews United Nations voted to divide Palestine into two states, one Jewish and one Arab; • as accepted by Zionist leaders but rejected by Arab leaders. – Creation of Israel has led to continuing religious wars

1299 The Ottoman Empire begins in modern-day Turkey

1451 The Ottomans rule a majority of the cities in the Middle East and Europe.

1453 The Ottomans establish the capital of Constantinople in present-day Turkey.

1500 The Ottomans gain control of the Eastern Mediterranean, North Africa, and major trade routes.

1520 Ottomans capture Mecca and Medina.

1800 s The Ottoman Empire begins to decline and is known as the “sick man of Europe”.

1914 WWI begins.

1918 The Ottoman Empire ends.

1920 • Europe divides up the Ottoman Empire. • The division is part of the Treaty of Sevres. You’re going down Sunni!! No, you’re going down Shia!! Should we divide these into countries based on ethnic groups? Naaaah, they will just get along perfectly, I think.

Dividing Up the Ottoman Empire • Europe paid little attention to ethnic, religious, and tribal lines when they drew the Middle East. • The people of the Middle East were grouped together based on the ideas of the Europeans instead of what the people of the Middle East wanted.

The Middle East Today

2 Heads Are Better than One Why do you think the Europeans divided the Middle East? How do these political borders affect the Middle East today? The political borders cut across ethnic lines and mix together groups, creating conflict. The Europeans were interested in a newly discovered resource, oil, and wanted to expand their colonies.

A Re-imagined Middle East

1923 Turkey emerges from the remains of the Ottoman Empire.

USA Foreign Involvement • Persian Gulf War – Fear of Iraq having too much control over oil after Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 • Terrorism – USA in Afghanistan and Iraq in response to 9/11; attempting establishing democracy

South and East Asian Countries

South and East Asian Bodies of Water

Landforms of South and East Asia

Religions of South and East Asia • Buddhism – Founded in India – Siddhartha Gautama – Buddha=enlightened one • Hinduism – Founded in India – Sacred River is Ganges – Most prominent religion in India • Shintoism – Native to Japan • Confucianism – Philosophy of respecting your elders

Nationalism in South and Eastern Asia • India – Mohandas Gandhi – Non-Violent Protests – Boycotted British for independence • Vietnam – Ho Chi Minh – Violent Wars – Fought French for independence

US Role in Rebuilding Japan after WWII • US provided financial aid to help rebuild Japan’s economy after the dropping of the A Bombs

Communism in China • Mao Zedong – Established the Communist State of China – Great Leap Forward • Resulted in economic hardship, was meant to keep up with the west – Cultural Revolution • Red Guards destroyed all of “old China” and anything that promoted knowledge other than that of the “new China” – Tiananmen Square • Educated College Students protested communism and they were brutally put down, but opened the eyes to those who followed Mao, that there are successful economies and governments that allow for freedom and choice • Ironically the same place where the Communist state of China was declared by Mao Zedong

Reasons for Foreign Involvement • Vietnam War – US became involved in attempt contain communism from spreading. • Red Scare – Ultimately the Communist North defeated US and South Democratic Vietnam • Korean War – US became involved in attempt contain communism from spreading. • Red Scare – Ultimately the war was declared a stalemate and North Korea and South Korea are still 2 separate countries. • North Korea -> Communist • South Korea -> Democratic

African Countries

African Landforms/Regions

African Rivers/Bodies of Water

African Ethnic Groups • Bantu – Southern Africa • Most practice Traditional Religions • Ashanti – Western Africa • Traditional, Christianity, and Islam is practiced • Swahili – Eastern Africa • Islam and Traditional • Arab – Northern Africa • Most practice Islam and Christianity

Polluted Water: Unfit to Drink • Water Pollution is a problem in African Countries. – Pesticides, fertilizers, human waste – Mining and manufacturing byproducts

Deforestation • Nearly 90% of the coastal rainforests in West Africa have been cut down since 1990 s – Result: Deforestation • When trees are gone, nothing can hold soil in place. • Wind blows, rain pours, and remaining soil is eroded. – Nutrients washed away, sun bakes exposed soil • Leaving farmland unusable

Desertification: Process in which a desert spreads and the soil loses its ability to hold water. Causes of Desertification - poor farming practices - land clearing -overgrazing of livestock -draining of water for industrial or home use

Effects of Natural Resources in Africa • Gold, Uranium, and Diamonds – South Africa • Increases trade, mining, and foreign interest in the Country • Oil – Nigeria • Government has focused attention to oil, and other sectors of the economy have suffered

European Imperialism in Africa • Artificial Boundaries set up by European Countries led to… – civil wars between tribes in Africa

Nationalism to Independence • South Africa – Fully independent from British in 1990 with abolishment of Apartheid • Kenya – Achieved Independence from British through Violent wars led by the Mau • Nigeria – Non-Violently achieved independence from British through formation of political parties

Apartheid • Creation of apartheid denied black south Africans civil rights • President FW de Klerk – – Protested apartheid ended Apartheid in 1990 Released Nelson Mandela from Jail in 1990 Served at Nelson Mandela’s Vice president • Nelson Mandela – Imprisoned for protesting apartheid – Released from prison in 1990 – First democratically elected black president of South Africa • Elected in 1994