CP Biology Review Yea Steps in the

CP Biology Review Yea!!!!!

Steps in the Scientific Method… • Observe~ always observing the world around us!! • 1. ask questions • 2. form hypothesis • 3. experimentation • 4. analysis • 5. conclusion

Hypothesis? • If, then statement (question)… • An educated guess/ testable

What is the difference between a control group and an experimental group? • Control~ unmanipulated; used as a basis of comparison (sometimes called placebo group) • Experimental~ a variable has been manipulated

Calculate total magnification of a microscope • Ocular lens (10 x) X objective= total magnification.

Compound microscope vs. simple vs. electron? • Compound~ many lenses working together (magnification & clarity) • Simple~ magnification only (specimens usually macroscopic) • Electron~ e- beams, can see viruses and other extreme microscopic specimens.

KNOW PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE

Who developed the simple microscope? • Anton van Leeuenhoek Amoeba proteus Common amoeba

Know your fields of biology: • ecology – Study of organism interactions with each other and the environment • genetics – Study of heredity • cytology – Study of cells • biology – Study of LIFE!!!!!!! (YOU BETTER NOT GET THIS ONE WRONG ) • taxonomy – Study of naming organisms

Know your basic biochemistry: (Define & Give examples) • Carbohydrates~ COMPLEX SUGARS • lipids~ fats, oils, waxes • proteins~ keratin, actin/myosin, etc. complex amino acids • nucleic acids~ DNA/RNA • glucose/sucrose/fructose/lactose~ blood sugar, table sugar, fruit sugar, milk sugar

Know your basic biochemistry: (Define & Give examples) • Cellulose~ strength & rigidity to plants; cell wall component • Complimentary base pairing~ DNA= A -T, C-G; RNA= A-U, C-G • DNA/RNA~ deoxyribonucleic acid (genetic blueprint)/ ribonucleic acid (protein synthesis) • enzymes/ substrate / lock & key~ enzymes (catalyst to jumpstart a reaction)

3 COMPONENTS OF MODERN CELL THEORY? • 1. cells are the basic unit of structure and function • 2. all cells come from pre-existing cells • 3. all organisms are made of 1 or more cells

Know your cellular organelles: What do they look like & what do they do? • Nucleus~ cellular control center • Mitochondrion~ “powerhouse” supplies energy • Nucleolus~ makes ribosomes • Ribosome~ makes proteins • lysosome~ garbage disposals; destroyer • Cell membrane~ semipermeable layer; allows homeostasis and transport (same stable internal conditions)

Know your cellular organelles: What do they look like & what do they do? • Chloroplast~ has chlorophyll allowing for photosynthesis to occur • endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth~ intracellular highways • Golgi apparatus~ postal office (packaging and secreting) • Cell wall~ protects and supports plant cells

Define the following terms related to movement of cellular materials: • Diffusion~ movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration • Osmosis~ movement of WATER from an area of high to low • Active transport~ cell expends energy; against concentration gradient • Hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic solution~ lower, higher, equal • Plasmolysis~ wilting

Define the following terms related to movement of cellular materials: • Passive transport~ no energy input from cell • Cytolysis~ cell bursting • Endocytosis~ movement into the cell pinocytosis~ cell drinking, Phagocytosis~ cell eating • Exocytosis~ movement out of the cell • Contractile vacuoles~ used by protista to pump out excess water

Difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic?

Which cell is in a hypertonic solution? isotonic? hypotonic?

Define the concepts of cell division: • • • Mitosis~ cloning; body cell reproduction Meiosis~ forms gametes; genetic recombination Haploid, diploid~ n, 2 n Gamete~ sperm & egg Zygote~ union of sperm & egg Cell plate, cleavage furrow~ occurs during cytokinesis • Autosomes~ body chromosomes/somatic chromosomes (44) • Sex chromosomes: XX (girl)or XY (boy) (2)

Define the concepts of cell division: • Bacterial reproduction~ binary fission; splitting into two • Sperm production to egg production~ • 4 to 1 (spermatogenesis; oogenesis) • Male and female symbols

Punnett Square Practice • Want to do these on the board? ? TT X tt Tt X Tt Tt X tt

Genetic Terms • Dominant~ overshadows a recessive • Recessive~ is expressed when no dominant is present • Phenotype~ physical characteristics (brown, red, etc) • Genotype~ genetic makeup (represented by letters) • Homozygous~ both are the same (TT or tt) • Heterozygous~ different genes (Tt) • sex-linked~ found on a sex chromosome

Add: Karyotype & Pedigree • Karyotype: • Pedigree:

Genetic Disorders • • • XO~ Turner Syndrome Down Syndrome~ Trisomy 21 XXY~ Klienfelters Syndrome Others? Lots!! Look over notes! Nondisjunction~ failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis • Monosomy~ 45 total chromosomes (results in 1 less)~ Turner Syndrome • Trisomy~ 47 total chromosome (results in 1 too many)~ Down Syndrome & Klienfelters) • Detection: Amniocentesis or chorionic villi sampling

Remember Replication, Transcription, Translation ? • • Orig DNA: Replication: Transcription: Translation: AAT TTA UUA AAU CCA GGT GGU CCA GTC CAG GUC 3 BASES= A CODON

Famous Scientists • • Darwin~ theory of evolution Aristotle~ first to classify organisms Fleming~ discovered penicillin Linnaeus~ modern classification system Hooke~ named the cell Lamarck~ acquired traits; evolution Mendel~ father of genetics Van Leeuwenhoek~ father of microscopy

Taxonomy and Evolution • • • 7 levels? K P C O F G s Kingdoms? Animal Plant Fungi Protista Eubacteria Archaebacteria

Describe these “taxonomy/evolution terms”: • vestigial structures: no longer needed (appendix, tailbone) • acquired traits: behavior causes evolution (giraffe stretching neck to reach leaves) • binomial nomenclature: 2 name naming system (scientific name); Genus species • Dichotomous key: recipe for classification • homologous/analogous structures (similar origin but look different, different origin but look similar due to environment)

Bacteria and Viruses and Fungi • Draw the three basic bacterial shapes: coccus, bacillus, spirillus

Bacterial Shapes: • Rod- bacillus • Sphere- coccus • Spiral- spirilli • Staphylo- clusters • Strepto- chains/filaments

• What is the difference between archaebacteria and eubacteria? • “ancient” extreme environments/”true” soil and water • Good things bacteria do? • Decomposers, make food, antibiotics, clean up environmental pollutants, others? ? ? • Bacterial Diseases? • Anthrax, Salmonella, Botulism, TB, Typhus, RMSF, Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Syphilis, others? ?

• What is a virus? • Obligate intracellular parasite (not technically “living” • Temperate vs. virulent? • Lysogenic (doesn’t kill host right away); lytic (kills host immediately)

What are some viral diseases? • • • AIDS Ebola Genital Warts Cold Flu Herpes BSE (mad cow) Kuru Others? ? ? ?

What are some common fungi? • • Mushrooms Yeasts Smuts Rusts Molds Mildews Puffballs

Fungal Diseases? • • • Corn smuts Athlete’s foot Nail fungus Mildew Rusts Ringworm Jock itch Others? ? ? Miracle Drug? – Penicillin (alexander fleming)

Protista: “the very first” List and describe several protozoans: • LOTS!!! Check out your notes on animallike, plantlike and funguslike!! • Hint… • Those that cause diseases (trypanosoma, entamoeba, Giardia), have mutualistic relationships (Trichonympha & termite), etc.

How do some protists move? • • Pseudopodia~ False feet (amoebas) Cilia~ Hairlike structures (paramecium)

How do paramecia rid themselves of excess water? • Contractile vacuole What are some common diseases caused by protozoa? • Malaria, Giardia, Amebic Dysentery, African Sleeping Sickness, Leishmania, others? ?

Photosynthesis Equation ___ CO 2 + ___H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + ___O 2 “Photosynthesis is a series of reactions that uses energy from the sun to convert water and carbon dioxide (reactants) into sugars and oxygen (products)” Figure 8 -4 Miller & Levine, Biology

Sticky~ where pollen lands Meiosis~ produces pollen grains Eggs are produced Supports anther Protect flower while developing

Know your phyla and classes: • Porifera~ sponges; sessile (don’t move as adults) • Cnidaria ~ jelly fish, man of wars, corals and anemones; have cnidocysts & nematocysts • Nematoda ~ roundworms; most are parasitic • Platyhelminthes~ flatworms like planaria, tapeworm & flukes • Annelida~ segmented worms like earthworms, sandworms and leeches

Continued… • Amphibia~ metamorphasis; moist skin, lack claws, frogs, salamanders, toads, caecilians • Mammalia~ have hair, bear live young, 4 -chambered hearts, endothermic, mammary glands

Know some general organ function and structures like: • pharynx: pathway to trachea or esophagus • crop: storge area for food (earthworms) • gizzard: grinds food for earthworm • heart (chambers in a frog? pig? ) : 3 in frog, 4 in pig

• Nictitating membrane: 3 rd eyelid; protects and moistens • Tympanic membrane: eardrums • Kidneys: removal of nitrogenous waste • Pinnae: external ear flaps • Eyespots~ both detect light • Lungs: breathing apparatus and gas exchange • Stomach~ mechanical & chemical food digection • fat bodies (fat)- insulates organs for hibernation

Biological terminology: • • Autotrophic means: self-feeding Heterotrophic means: other feeding Eukaryotic means: true nucleus Prokaryotic means: before nucleus (lacks a true nucleus)

• Symbiosis- relationship between 2 or more organisms living in close association with each other mutualism- both organisms benefit • parasitism- one organism benefits while the other is harmed • know your basic latin roots!!!!!!!

Distinguish between food chains, & food webs. • Chain~ flow of energy from producer to top consumer. • Web~ interrelated food chains

(Be able to identify producers, 1 st order (primary) consumers, 2 nd order consumers, etc. )

• Autotroph~ self feeding • Heterotroph~ other feeding • Saprophyte~ bacteria of decay (decomposers) • Decomposer~ recycle energy back into the environment (bacteria and fungus) • Detritivore~ feed on dead/decaying matter • Herbivore~ plant eater • Carnivore~ animal eater • Omnivore~ eats both plants and animals • **habitat- where an organism lives**

Know energy transfer! Who feeds at what trophic level? What level of consumerism?