*"Covered Roadways in Urban Settings - Reflections of a Structural Engineer" Harry A Capers, Jr. P. E. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Topics to be discussed • Issues of structural engineering related to public policy specifically dealing with context sensitive design issues in the design of structures. • Focus will be on individual experiences during the planning, design and construction of two urban covered roadway projects built in new jersey around 2000. • Comments will reflect concept development, planning of the project, funding issues and determination of architectural and structural scheme ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Core Principles of CSS • Thinking beyond the pavement conference in maryland in 1998 • Outcomes - core principles about CSS product and process that can be applied to both project implementation and evaluation. • The definition of css was defined by – "qualities that characterize excellence in transportation design, " – "characteristics of the process that yield excellence. " • These "qualities" and "characteristics" are goals for any css project, and can also be used as evaluation criteria upon its completion. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
"Qualities that Characterize Excellence in Transportation Design" 1. The project satisfies the purpose and needs as agreed to by a full range of stakeholders. This agreement is forged in the earliest phase of the project and amended as warranted as the project develops. 2. The project is a safe facility for both the user and the community. 3. The project is in harmony with the community, and it preserves environmental, scenic, aesthetic, historic, and natural resource values of the area, i. e. , exhibits context sensitive design. 4. The project exceeds the expectations of both designers and stakeholders and achieves a level of excellence in people's minds. 5. The project involves efficient and effective use of the resources (time, budget, community) of all involved parties. 6. The project is designed and built with minimal disruption to the community. 7. The project is seen as having added lasting value to the community. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
The Characteristics of the Process that will Yield Excellence in Transportation Design" 1. Communication with all stakeholders is open, honest, early, and continuous. 2. A multidisciplinary team is established early, with disciplines based on the needs of the specific project, and with the inclusion of the public. 3. A full range of stakeholders is involved with transportation officials in the scoping phase. The purposes of the project are clearly defined, and consensus on the scope is forged before proceeding. 4. The highway development process is tailored to meet the circumstances. This process should examine multiple alternatives that will result in a consensus of approach methods. 5. A commitment to the process from top agency officials and local leaders is secured. 6. The public involvement process, which includes informal meetings, is tailored to the project. 7. The landscape, the community, and valued resources are understood before engineering design is started. A full range of tools for communication about project alternatives is used (e. g. , visualization). ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
NCHRP Report 480: A Guide to Best Practices for Achieving Context Sensitive Solutions http: //www. contextsensitivesolutions. org/content/reading/nchrp-report/ http: //onlinepubs. trb. org/onlinepubs/nchrp_rpt_480. pdf ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Large Project Details for Atlantic City Brigantine Connector • Atlantic City Brigantine Connector Atlantic City, NJ Project Start: 1997 Project Complete: 2001 Project Value: $190, 595, 000 Joint Venture Company: Yonkers/GCCO Client: New Jersey Dept. of Transportation South Jersey Transportation Authority Atlandia Design & Furnishings, Inc. (A Mirage Resorts Inc. Co. ) c/o. Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc. 506 Carnegie Center Blvd. , 2 nd Floor Princeton, NJ 08540 ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Project Description: • • The joint venture team of Yonkers Contracting Co. , Inc. and Granite Construction Company also constructed a 2, 900 -foot cut and cover tunnel with open depressed roadway sections on either end. The tunnel, which goes under Route 30 and a residential area, included storm water pump stations, ventilation and related electrical/mechanical systems. The fast-paced project allowed 13 months for design and 28 months for construction and was expected to spur development in the city’s expanding casino area, where three new casino-hotels were to be built. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Work Items: • 72, 000 linear feet permanent piling • 116, 000 cubic yards structural concrete • 74, 000 tons asphalt pavement • 7, 400 linear feet AASHTO bridge girders • 1, 060 tons bridge structural steel • 7, 300 tons sheetpile shoring • 4, 330 tons excavation steel bracing • 580, 000 cubic yards excavation • 650, 000 cubic yards embankment • 50, 000 square feet MSE walls • 17, 000 pounds rebar • 20, 000 linear feet reinforced concrete pipe • 24, 840 linear feet permanent concrete barrier rail • 630, 000 square feet waterproofing ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Bids Received On A. C. /Brigantine Connector Project • Bids for the design/build contract on the Atlantic City/Brigantine Connector project were received by Atlandia Design, a subsidiary of Mirage Resorts Incorporated (MRI), • The low bid of $190, 595, 000 was submitted by Yonkers Contracting Company/Granite Construction Company in association with URS Grenier Consultants, Golder Associates, and Schlessinger Associates. • Bids of $229, 775, 000 from Perini Corporation/Slattery Associates in association with E. E. Cruz & Co. , and Howard Needles Tammen and Bergendoff, • Bids of $329, 710, 000 from Schiavone Construction Co. /Buckley & Company, Inc. /Parsons Transportation Group in association with Gannett Fleming, Converse Consultants East, and Parsons Engineering Science ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Funding • NJDOT contributed $95 million from the Transportation Trust Fund. • $65 million was donated from the Casino Reinvestment Development Authority • $60 million was donated from the SJTA. • Payoffs • The project permited the development of Marina lands, which when combined with the roadway construction, were estimated to have generated 63, 000 construction and supply industry jobs and 33, 000 other related jobs. Three proposed casinos slated to be developed on Marina lands were estimated to generate 16, 500 permanent jobs and result in $275 million a year in new state and local tax revenues. • Borgata opened shortly after the roadway was completed ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Design/Build Dewatering Program for the Brigantine Connector, Atlantic City, NJ • Construction of the 3000 foot long cut and cover tunnel section of this project for NJDOT required significant groundwater lowering for cuts as deep as 40 feet directly along side the Penrose Canal. The presence of widespread organic silt deposits throughout the this area of Atlantic City raised the concern about settlement due to widespread groundwater lowering that would be expected with conventional dewatering in highly permeable soils. • The contractor installed a system of 100 deep wells within the tight interlocking steel sheeting that was driven to a 60 -foot depth to provide a partial groundwater cut-off. The installed dewatering system provided dry sub grade down to elevation – 30 for a period of 16 months. The project was completed with no interruption in groundwater lowering or subsequent excavation and structural work. No settlement was experienced. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
BUILDING THE CONNECTOR: • The tunnel, which has a 14 foot clearance, travels under a landscaped park and a residential area. • It parallels a canal where the excavation ranged between 10 and 35 feet deep, and extends into loose sands some 30 feet below the water table. • Supporting the sub-grade structure are storm water pump stations (one of which is 45 feet deep), ventilation systems, and related electrical and mechanical systems. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
DESIGN COMPROMISES: The Atlantic City-Brigantine Connector has four 12 -footwide lanes (two lanes in each direction), with each carriageway separated by a three-foot-high concrete ("Jersey") barrier. There are no shoulders along the section near Brigantine Boulevard, and limited-width shoulders on the elevated section and in the tunnel itself (only on the curves). ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Other Design Compromises: In order to have the ramps for Bacharach Boulevard placed without having steep grades from either the Atlantic City Expressway or the Marina Tunnel, a two-track railroad grade crossing was constructed at this location. Advance warning signals alert motorists of trains approximately onequarter mile before the crossing. Nevertheless, one pro-transit group, the Delaware Valley Association of Rail Passengers, raised questions about the railroad crossing located near the Atlantic City-New Jersey Transit rail terminal. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
And More Compromises • The ramp from Bacharach Boulevard to the eastbound connector lacks an acceleration lane; all traffic entering the connector must come to a full stop. Construction of such a lane would have required a prohibitively expensive relocation of the Atlantic Energy power facility. • Owing to these design compromises, the speed limit along the length of the connector is 35 MPH. Also owing to the design of the roadway, vehicles carrying hazardous materials are prohibited from using the connector. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Route 29 Waterfront Improvements Trenton, Mercer County ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Route 29 Waterfront Improvements Trenton, Mercer County • Project Start: 1998 Project Complete: 2003 Project Value: $71 million (Roadway only) » $15 Million for Deck Park • Contractor: Joint Venture Company: PKF Mark III/NCI joint venture • Designer DMJM+Harris • Client: New Jersey Dept. of Transportation ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Project Need • The long-time residents of historic Lamberton Street in downtown Trenton N. J. , live in 100 -year-old brick row houses that are surrounded by mature trees. • Lamberton Street connected State Route 29, primarily a four- to six-lane freeway running along the Delaware River, with Interstate 295. • In the mid-1990 s, the New Jersey Department of Transportation recognized that the situation was unacceptable from the traffic, environmental and human perspective, and undertook the Route 29 tunnel and its companion deck park project to ensure efficient traffic operations and improve the quality of life in the area. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Community Cooperation - CSD • NJDOT began working with the community in 1996 Original proposal was to expand Route 29 into a sixlane highway. • The meetings outcomes included – a park on the deck over the Route 29 tunnel – input in the design, safety, maintenance, recreation and historical and architectural elements for the deck park. • Construction on the deck park, South River Walk, began in the Summer of 2002 with construction completed in December 2003. • Community Partnering Team was established and meetings continue ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Context Sensitive Design • NJDOT formally incorporated it into its procedures in 1999. • Community Partnering Team Goals were identified and subcommittees formed to address: – Steering – Landscape and design – Project coordination - Natural resources – Bikepath - Pedestrian Multimodal – Safety - Security - Maintenance – Funding – Local issues – Parking ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Community Partnering Team • The Community Partnering Team focus: – Shoreline mitigation at Duck Island – Boat docks and pedestrian access at Waterfront Park – Parking garage for the stadium and office buildings – South River Walk Park – Bike path from Stacy Park to the Assumpink Creek – North River Walk ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Bike Path • All of the facilities will be linked by a continuous bicyclist and pedestrian path from Stacy Park to Duck Island. • Signs will direct bicyclists and pedestrians to other waterfront amenities. • Will link to the Trenton Marriott Hotel, – the Heritage Trails to the Philadelphia East Coast Greenway to Newark, – the capital to coast connecting the shore trails to the east and – the Delaware & Raritan Canal to Lambertville/New Hope to the north. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Boat Docks • • The Mercer County docks, located on the Delaware River starting in front of the Waterfront Park Baseball Stadium, will add 1, 000 feet of access to the Trenton waterfront on the Delaware River. A second phase of this project will include an amphitheater for programmed or informal events, an interactive fountain for family fun and a waterside plaza that will be a focal point for the north and south river walks. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
North River Walk • A fishing wharf, is located immediately south of the Northeast Corridor railroad bridge. This area will accommodate fishing and passive recreational activities. • The southern portion will be a landscaped esplanade with benches. The northern section has been designed with fishermen in mind. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Shoreline Mitigation • NJDOT's Open Water Mitigation Project created a shallow water habitat along the eastern bank of the Delaware River in the vicinity of Duck Island. The habitat area is twice the size of the original habitat located at the foot of the tunnel. The enlarged shallow water marsh is incorporated as part of the Hamilton-Trenton Marsh and will provide additional habitat diversity for the approximately 234 species of birds found in this area. This work is in keeping with NJDOT's mission to build transportation projects in an environmentally responsible manner. It also satisfies the permit requirements set forth by the Army Corps of Engineers and the NJ Department of Environmental Protection for the construction for the Route 29 tunnel. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
The Roadway Project • The NJ 29 project included construction of four 12 ft-wide lanes (two lanes in each direction), 12 ft wide shoulders and a concrete ('Jersey') barrier to separate opposing traffic flows. • The NJ Route 29 project was included as part of the 1998 'TEA-21' Federal transportation bill. The contractor's bid for the project was $71 million. • The entire project was completed in 20 months. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Route 29 Tunnel • The design build contract was awarded to PKF mark III/NCI joint venture • DMJM+Harris designed a bonded post-tensioned solution • The contractor was able to increase the pours from 50’ to 100’ thus reducing the overall project schedule by 50% using mass concrete placement methods • Longitudinal PT was used in the tunnel base slab, walls and roof slab. Additional transverse PT was added to the roof slab to provide reinforcement for the 3’ soil backfill for a community park. • The multistrand PT system consisted of 3 strand tendons in the center wall, 12 strand tendons in the east wall and 17 strand tendons in the base slab. Larger, 31 strand tendons were used in the roof slab where the tunnel reached a maximum width of 110’. The tunnel west side was designed with equally spaced 3’ columns creating an open view of the Delaware river. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
RIVERFRONT PARK • The engineering consulting firm Vollmer Associates, the NJDOT built a $15 million, 6. 5 -acre park atop the deck of the NJ 29 tunnel. • Completed in 2003, the park features trees, landscaping and an interpretive area highlighting the history of the South Trenton waterfront. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
South River Walk • A 6. 5 -acre urban park was constructed over the tunnel section of Route 29. The park offers a bicyclist and pedestrian walkway, lawn areas, pavilions, a children's playground, an historic interpretive area and an urban streetscape plan along Lamberton Street. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Park Design • The park features – permanent historic exhibits composed of sculptural arches representing five centuries of Trenton area history, – a timeline of date stones, – informative bronze plaques and signs commemorating the history of the Trenton area. • The project involved complex, multi-faceted historical and archaeological issues, significant research, subsurface testing, data recovery and monitoring during construction. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Underground Transportation Systems Safety, Operations & Emergency Response by Harry A. Capers, Jr. PE Office of Transportation Security International Technology Scanning Program ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C. Federal Highway Administration American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program
Current US Practice • National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards – NFPA 130 Standard for Fixed Guideway Transit and Passenger Rail Systems – NFPA 502 Standard for Road Tunnels, Bridges, and Other Limited Access Highways • No AASHTO Standards exist ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
UTS Scan Countries Rome ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C. September 23 – October 9, 2005
Findings 34 technologies of interest – 9 for further consideration Key: • Innovative design and emergency management • Used for both natural and man-made disasters ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Human Factors video ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Gotthard Tunnel Fire on October 24, 2001 ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Gotthard Tunnel Fire on October 24, 2001 ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Findings - 1 Escape Route Signs that are Universal and Consistent – Visual, Audible, Tactile • Widespread uniformity promotes understanding. • In an incident, confusion is minimized. • Use of combined senses (visual, audible, tactile) increases effectiveness. • U. S - National Fire Protection Association codes should include human factors considerations. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Visual Audible Tactile ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Escape Route and Signage Universal and Consistent Signs in Mont Blanc Tunnel ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C. Universal and Consistent Signs
Findings - 2 Guidelines for Existing and New Tunnels • Need AASHTO tunnel guidelines – Planning, design, construction, maintenance, inspection, and operations Note: AASHTO Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures created Technical Committee for Tunnels, T-20 ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
T-20 Technical Committee on Tunnels - Scope • Scope – “This committee is concerned with all factors pertinent to the design and construction of highway tunnels and their components, including design, construction, inspection, maintenance, and security, including designing for and responding to manmade and natural hazards. Highway tunnels as recognized by this committee include covered roadways confined on both edges equal to or greater than ? feet in length along centerline of roadway regardless of type of structure or method of construction. ” ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
T-20 Technical Committee on Tunnels - Responsibilities • Development and maintenance of design, inspection and construction specifications specifically related to highway tunnels. • Coordination with other AASHTO Committees as necessary on cross cut issues. • Deployment of and AASHTO approved Highway Tunnel Management System. • Identification of research needs and development, review of and recommend for committee consideration research problem statements related to highway tunnels. • Represent the SCOBS as necessary to other agencies on matters pertaining to highway tunnels. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C. Issues to consider: Emergency pull-out areas and variable message signs
ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C. Issues to consider: Refuge room requirements
Findings - 3 Tunnel Emergency Management Guidelines - Human Factors • • • Behavior hard to predict during emergency. People are their own first rescuers. People must react correctly and quickly. Guidelines must account for this human behavior. Guidelines should be included in tunnel planning, design, and emergency response. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Tunnel Ventilation ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Findings - 4 Education for Motorist Response to Tunnel Incidents • Self-rescue is best first response in tunnel incident. • It is important to react quickly and correctly. • Motorists are not clear on needed action. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Findings - 5 Automatic Incident Detection Systems & Intelligent Video • Automatically detects, tracks, and records incidents. * • Tells operator to observe event in question. • Allows operator to take appropriate action. * This concept can also be applied to detect other activities and incidents in areas besides tunnels, from terrorist activities to accidents, vandalism and other crimes, fires, vehicle breakdowns, etc. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Findings - 6 Design Criteria to Promote Optimal Driver/ User Performance and Response to Incidents • Designers - be aware of ways to minimize fire and traffic safety hazards • Evaluate materials and design details ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
A 86 East Tunnel Uniform & Consistent Signs Emergency alcoves & shelters every 656 feet One-way Traffic on Each Level ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C. Independent Ventilation at each level
ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C. Full-size Model of One Section of Paris A-86 Motorway Twin Tube
Findings - 7 One-Button Emergency Response & Automated Sensor Systems • To “Take action immediately!” the operator must initiate several actions simultaneously. • “Press one button” – Initiates several critical actions – Eliminates operator chance to omit important step or perform action out of order • Automated sensor systems are helpful in determining response, e. g. , opacity sensors. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Several actions are initiated by moving a yellow line over the area of a fire incident ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Mont Blanc Tunnel Fire Fighting Truck ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Findings - 8 Risk-Management for Tunnel Safety Inspection & Maintenance • European use of risk-based methodologies for – Safety inspection time and frequency – Maintenance/rehabilitation scope and timing • Inspect less-critical or more-durable portions of system less frequently and concentrate inspections on more critical or fragile components. ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Findings - 9 Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting for Edge Delineation & Safe Vehicle Distance • Lights identify edge of roadway • Blue lights identify safe vehicle spacing – Blue lights are spaced among the edge delineation lights – More reliable than speed-based guidelines ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
LED Lights on Outside Roadway ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C. Edges in Grilstad Tunnel in Norway
LED Lights for Edge Delineation and ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C. Vehicle Spacing in Mont Blanc Tunnel
Semmering Tunnel, Austria ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
Thank You and Good Luck! ARORA and ASSOCIATES. P. C.
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