Course Spatial Data Infrastructures GRS 21304 K

Course Spatial Data Infrastructures GRS 21304 / K 075219 Period 1 2003 -2004 INTRODUCTION Case ‘SDI-Use’ Week 6 6 October 2003 (10. 30 – 12. 30) Joep Crompvoets (+ Mary-Ellen Feeney)

Overview – SDIs & Decision Support 1. Introduction & Background 2. Decision Process § § § Availability Accessibility Applicability 3. Types of Decision-Making 4. Supporting Decision Makers through the SDI Hierarchy 5. Examples & Discussion 6. Introduction case ‘SDI-Use’

SDIs & Decision Support SDI is developed to enable ready access to spatial information to support decision-making at different scales for multiple purposes…

SDIs & Decision Support The purpose of SDI is always to support some form of decision, regardless of the application area

What is significant about Spatial Decision-Making? n spatial information is one of the most critical elements underpinning decisionmaking for many disciplines, n an estimated 90% of all information used by government has spatial characteristics or attributes,

Spatial Data & Information n 70 -80 % cost of any GIS project is spent for data collection, maintenance, . . . n the same data sets will be collected by different agencies again & again.

SDI Decision-Support Motivations g Avoiding costly duplication of data c collection & maintenance g & encouraging access to common & up-to-date data for all to use in their decision-making. g … What is the significance of this?

SDI Decision-Support Capability g Facilitates the Decision Process AND g Facilitates different Types of Decision- Making

SDI and The Decision Process Data Collection Real World Take Action Data Sources Input of Data Management Data Retrieval & Analysis Users Information for decision-making Analysis

SDI and the Decision Process Spatial Data Infrastructure g Availability g Accessibility g Applicability The Decision Process g. Information for decision-making g. Enabling action in the real world

SDI and The Decision Process Number of Datasets Available to use in decisionmaking Accessible to the decisionmaker Applicable to the problem using available technologies Data options for decision-making

Available for use in Decision. Making Science Management Different Specialist & Process Knowledge e. g. biophysical & socioeconomic systems Application Areas Different Fields Locations Disciplines Existing egs of problems to be addressed Between departments & organisations

Accessible to Decision Makers Policies Skills and Training Stakeholders Decision Makers Privacy Pricing Access To find, download, use data… Who ? Needs ? Incentives ? Decision Processes

Applicable to the Problem Data Models Tools Interface For overlay & analysis Interoperability & flexibility to work with other tools for decision support Usability, adaptability, user interfaces

Applicable to the Problem Data Models Type, content, format, metadata, language, availability, volume etc. Biophysical Socioeconomic metadata and meta models For overlay & analysis

Interoperability & flexibility to work with other tools for Tools Interface decision support GIS - statistics, maths, visualization, wayfinding algorithms etc. Usability, adaptability, user interfaces Graphical user interfaces, visual programming languages, HTML, XML, GML, web based technology etc.

Applicable to the Problem – E. G. Data GIS + Models Interface Grain Yield Prediction Soils, Climate, Topography etc. Demographic & Where people live & Economic Grain demand for these settlements etc. The combination of basic data, yield modelling, & human demand & location analysis provides a way to evaluate food security

SDI Decision-Support Capability g Facilitates the Decision Process AND g Facilitates different Types of Decision-Making

SDI Development SDI is an initiative intended to enable all spatial data stakeholders to cooperate with each other & interact with technology in an effective and efficient way to better achieve their objectives within an administrative or political level

SDI Development Less detailed data Global SDI The principle objective for any stakeholder is to support their decision-making. Regional SDI National SDI State SDI Local SDI More detailed data Data Corporate SDI

What types of Decision. Making ? Organisational theory classifies decision-making into fundamentally three different types: q Strategic q Management or Tactical q Operational

What types of Decision. Making ? Organisational theory classifies decision-making into fundamentally three different types: Strategic Management or Tactical Operational Strategic decision-making is concerned with long-term goals & policies for resource allocation/management to meet defined objectives

What types of Decision. Making ? Organisational theory classifies decision-making into fundamentally three different types: Strategic Management or Tactical Operational Tactical decision-making is concerned with the acquisition & efficient utilization of resources to achieve defined goals

What types of Decision. Making ? Organisational theory classifies decision-making into fundamentally three different types: Strategic Management or Tactical Operational decision-making is concerned with the effective & efficient use of resources for execution of specific tasks

Types of Decision-Making Often less detailed data available & so requires good tools for modeling & forecasting More Unstructured Operational Tactical/Managerial More structured Requires detailed data & uses tools for analysis & integration Strategic

Types of Decision-Making Often less detailed data available & so requires good tools for modeling & forecasting More Unstructured Struct ured Semi -Struc tured Unstru More structured Requires detailed data & uses tools for analysis & integration ctured

computer-based systems support spatial decision-making through data collection & management visualisation, analysis & integration modelling & forecasting & allowing more effective & efficiently execution… For example GIS, DSS

The development of increasingly complex spatial decision-support tools to assist in different types of decision-making is reported in A trend in Automated Cartography (Kelmelis, 2001) Web-based DSS Internet GIS Mobile Location-based Services & Solutions Web-based Spatial Data Clearinghouses Spatially Enabled Databases GIS 1970 Time 1985 1995 2000 2005

Types of Decision-Making Emphasis is on modeling how the world works/ potential realities & planning Often less detailed data available & so requires good tools for modeling & forecasting More Unstructured Operational Tactical/Managerial Strategic More structured Requires detailed data & uses tools for analysis & integration Emphasis is on analyzing relationships & representing how the world looks/ reality & acting

Types of Decision-Making More Unstructured Increasing decision-making complexity More structured

What do we mean by Decision Complexity? n The number of criteria to be considered n The number of decision makers or people involved in the decision process n The location of decisions in time & space

Why is it important that SDIs support different types of decisionmaking? n Strategic vs Managerial/Tactical vs Operational n With different levels of complexity n Utilizing a variety of decision-support tools To support the objectives of stakeholders making decisions at different administrative & political levels

Decision-Making & the SDI Hierarchy Decision-Making Strategic SDI Level Global SDI Regional SDI Management/ Tactical National SDI State SDI Operational Local SDI Corporate SDI need to support different types of decision-making To support the objectives of & between different political & administrative levels in the SDI hierarchy.

Example 1: Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa Operational Management/ Tactical Strategic Decision-Making Global SDI Continental Malaria distribution Maps Regional SDI National SDI State SDI Local SDI Malaria Endemnicity Data Malaria Seasonality Data Malaria Occurrence Data Spatial Models on geographic distribution, seasonality & endemnicity Used for planning, intervention & prevention by national & international health officials

Example 2: Food Insecurity in Africa Operational Management/ Tactical Strategic Decision-Making Global SDI 17 countries participate in Famine Early Warning System Regional SDI National SDI State SDI Local SDI Satellite Imagery Estimates of animal/veg amt & vigour Yield data Market & condition monitoring Predictive rainfall/ weather data

Example 3: Water Insecurity in Victoria Operational Management/ Tactical Strategic Decision-Making Global SDI Regional SDI Fire risk, Drought risk, Export commitments (e. g. wheat)…etc. National SDI State SDI Local SDI Estimates of distribution & qty reserves Restriction thresholds & implementation Predictive rainfall/ weather data Predictive consumption

Case SDI-Policy DESCRIPTION Yesterday (5 October, 2003), a national disaster happened in Utopia. The East part of the country (Purgatory Town) was hit by an earthquake (7. 8 on the scale of Richter). The whole area is in ruins. Thousands of people died and many more are injured. The local fire stations and hospitals are damaged and not operational. Since an implemented SDI is missing and local archives are ruined, access to data sources for (vital) geo-information about the area has become impossible.

Purgatory city

Today (8: 00 AM), the Minister of State for the Interior received the "master plan" which your SDI-project team had submitted last Friday. During this week he will have several meetings with your team about the proposals included that document, because next Friday he has to present and defend the national SDI master plan in the parliament. After having gone through your report a first time, he asks your team whether the suggested SDI (if implemented) would have suited the current needs of the emergency services for decision-making. In addition, he notices that in his opinion several potential SDI-users and their SDI-requirements are missing. He wants to receive a reply to his question and a revised list of potential users on the shortest possible term.

Assignment Extend the current list of the potential SDI-users. Define for each of these the user requirements for decision-making. Trace, whether the proposed Utopia SDI, if available now, would have survived the earthquake, and if so, whether it could have supported the emergency services for their decision -making under the circumstances the earthquake has caused. Motivate your answer.

Objectives List the (emergency) users Determine their main Level of hierarchy Determine their SDI-requirements for decision-making Analyze (proposed) Utopian SDI suitability to meet these requirements (especially in case of emergency). Determine criteria for analysis

Good luck with the case assignment