COPERT 4 Charis Kouridis Dimitrios Gkatzoflias Giorgos Mellios

COPERT 4 Charis Kouridis Dimitrios Gkatzoflias Giorgos Mellios Leon Ntziachristos Luxemburg, 2012 -03 -01

Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. Background General methodology GHG Emissions COPERT usage - SIBYL

Administrative Status The name stands for COmputer Programme to calculate Emissions from Road Transport Now in its COPERT 4 Version (fourth update of the original COPERT 85) It incorporates results of several technology, research, and policy assessment projects It is continuously supported by the European Environment Agency through consecutive ETC budgets It has recently attracted much attention from the Joint Research Centre in Ispra who are further supporting its technical development It is scientifically and technically supported by Emisia and the Lab of Applied Thermodynamics

COPERT 4 is: a software program that works on Microsoft Windows platform developed as a European tool for the calculation of emissions from the road transport sector The emissions calculated include: regulated (CO, NOx, VOC, PM) and unregulated pollutants (N 2 O, NH 3, SO 2, NMVOC speciation …) and fuel consumption is also computed A detailed methodology supports the software application.

COPERT 4 System Architecture rt Expo NFR(. xls)

History - Early Generations

COPERT 4 Inputs FP 5 PARTICULATES COPERT III ETC/ACC COPERT 4 L-VEHs HBEFA/ ERMES Evap Study FP 5 ARTEMIS LAT Studies JRC

Vehicle Categories Passenger Cars Gasoline (<1. 4 l, 1. 4 -2. 0 l, >2. 0 l) Diesel (<2. 0 l, >2. 0 l) LPG Light Duty Vehicles (Trucks & Vans) Gasoline Diesel Heavy Duty Vehicles Gasoline Diesel (11 weight categories) Power Two Wheelers Mopeds (< 50 cc) Motorcycles (2 -stroke, <250 cc, 250 -750 cc, >750 cc)

Vehicle Technologies: Passenger Cars & Light Duty Vehicles Passenger Cars Light Duty Vehicles PRE ECE (~1970 technology) Conventional ECE 15/00 -01 LD Euro 1 - 93/59/EEC ECE 15/02 LD Euro 2 - 96/69/EEC ECE 15/03 LD Euro 3 - 98/69/EC Stage 2000 ECE 15/04 LD Euro 4 - 98/69/EC Stage 2005 Improved Conventional LD Euro 5 - EC 715/2007 Open Loop LD Euro 6 - EC 715/2007 PC Euro 1 - 91/441/EEC PC Euro 2 - 94/12/EEC PC Euro 3 - 98/69/EC Stage 2000 PC Euro 4 - 98/69/EC Stage 2005 PC Euro 5 - EC 715/2007 (2010 and on) PC Euro 6 - EC 715/2007 (2015 and on)

Vehicle Technologies: HDVs, Busses, & PTWs Heavy Duty Trucks/Buses Mopeds/Motorcycles Conventional HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I Euro 1 - 97/24/EC HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II Euro 2 - 97/24/EC HD Euro III – 1999/96/EC Euro 3 – 2002/51/EC (only motorcycles) HD Euro IV - 2005/55/EC HD Euro VI - 595/2009

Pollutants – (1/2) Pollutants for which a detailed methodology exists, based on specific emission factors Group 1 Carbon monoxide (CO) Nitrogen oxides (NOx: NO and NO 2) Pollutants which are estimated based on fuel consumption Group 2 Carbon dioxide (CO 2) Sulphur dioxide (SO 2) Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Lead (Pb) Methane (CH 4) Cadmium (Cd) Non-methane VOCs (NMVOCs) Chromium (Cr) Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) Copper (Cu) Ammonia (NH 3) Nickel (Ni) Particulate matter (PM) Selenium (Se) PM number and surface area Zinc (Zn)

Pollutants – (2/2) Pollutants for which a simplified Pollutants which are derived as a fraction methodology is applied, mainly due of total NMVOC emissions. to the absence of detailed data Group 3 Group 4 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) Alkanes (Cn. H 2 n+2): Polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo furans (PCDFs) Alkenes (Cn. H 2 n): Alkynes (Cn. H 2 n-2): Aldehydes (Cn. H 2 n. O) Ketones (Cn. H 2 n. O) Cycloalkanes (Cn. H 2 n) Aromatic compounds

General Concept for Exhaust Emissions/Consumption ECOLD [g/veh] = β x M [km] x EFHOT [g/km] x (e. COLD/e. HOT-1) EHOT [g/veh] = M [km] x EFHOT [g/km] β = l. COLD/l. TOTAL

What are exhaust emissions dependent on? Activity Number of vehicles [veh. ] Distance travelled [km/period of inventory] Hot Emissions Technology / Emission Standard Mean travelling speed [km/h] Cold Emissions Technology / Emission Standard Mean travelling speed [km/h] Ambient temperature [Celsius] Mean trip distance [km]

Methodology: Total Emissions Total Exhaust Emissions: Hot (stabilized engine temperature): Cold-start emissions: EEXH = EHOT + ECOLD EHOT = N · M · e. HOT ECOLD = · N · M · e. HOT · (e. COLD/e. HOT-1) Non-Exhaust Emissions NMVOC from Fuel Evaporation: EEVAP = EDIURNAL + ESOAK + ERUNNING PM from tyre and brake attrition: EHOT = N · M · e. PM

Methodology: CO 2 Calculation of ultimate CO 2 , i. e. all carbon in fuel oxidized to CO 2 Operates on the basis of g/km emission factors for consistency with other pollutants RH: C, RO: C are the ratios of H to C and O to C atoms, respectively in the average fuel molecule

Additional CO 2 calculation Lube oil use Urea consumption A/C for PCs and LDVs

Lube Oil Consumption kg/10. 000 km Min 0. 85 Category Fuel/engine category Age PC Gasoline Old Mean 1. 45 Gasoline New 1. 28 0. 85 1. 70 Diesel Old 1. 49 0. 85 2. 13 Diesel New 1. 28 0. 43 2. 13 LDV Gasoline Old 1. 45 0. 85 2. 13 Gasoline New 1. 28 0. 85 1. 70 Diesel Old 1. 49 0. 85 2. 13 Diesel New 1. 28 0. 43 2. 13 Urban Buses Diesel Old Diesel New Coaches Diesel Old 1. 91 1. 70 2. 13 Diesel New 1. 70 1. 28 2. 13 HDV Diesel Any Mopeds 2 -stroke Old 10. 20 6. 80 13. 60 2 -stroke New 6. 80 5. 10 8. 50 Motorcycles 4 -stroke Any Max 2. 13 8. 50 0. 85 1. 56 0. 43 0. 85

Lube Oil Impact Total contribution 0. 2 -0. 3% for developed countries Contribution potentially more important for developing countries

CO 2 from Urea Consumption DIN 70070: specifies that urea should be in aqueous solution at a content of 32. 5% wt (± 0. 7%) and a density of 1. 09 g/cm 3. If total commercial urea solution sales are known (UC in litres), then total ultimate CO 2 emissions (in kg) are: If total urea is not known, this can be assumed 5 -6% @ Euro V and 3 -4% @ Euro VI of fuel consumption

SCR Urea impact on CO 2 Notes: All diesel vehicles assumed Euro 6/VI in 2020, require SCR agent ~ 6% of FC CO 2 and consumption taken from PRIMES 2009 baseline

A/C impact on CO 2 Methodology based on Weilenman et al. , 2010 Value is in extra CO 2 emissions in gr/km Is dependant on humidity and temperature High dependency on A/C technology

Emission Factors: CH 4 Four values (mg/km) are provided: Cold Urban, Hot Urban, Rural, Highway Data mostly based on ARTEMIS project (2000 -2006), values differentiated per vehicle category, Euro standard Cold/Hot urban part estimated on the basis of cold-start distance Emission factors for new technologies based on extrapolation. Low CO 2 equivalent too weak to justify new measurements.

Emission Factors: N 2 O EFN 2 O = (a Cum. Mileage+b) EFBASE a, b, EFBASE depend on technology level for gasoline PCs & LCVs a, b depend on fuel sulfur content Different factors for cold urban, hot urban, rural, highway Much simpler approach for Diesel cars, HDVs and gasoline motorcycles Note on failed SCR systems

New Fuels Ratio of hydrogen to carbon Ratio of oxygen to carbon [CH 1. 8]x r. H: C=1. 80 r. O: C=0. 0 Diesel [CH 2]x r. H: C=2. 00 r. O: C=0. 0 Ethanol C 2 H 5 OH r. H: C=3. 00 r. O: C=0. 5 E 5 [CH 1. 8]x (95%) - C 2 H 5 OH (5%) r. H: C=1. 86 r. O: C=0. 025 E 10 [CH 1. 8]x (90%) - C 2 H 5 OH (10%) r. H: C=1. 92 r. O: C=0. 05 E 85 [CH 1. 8]x (15%) - C 2 H 5 OH (85%) r. H: C=2. 82 r. O: C=0. 43 ETBE C 6 H 14 O r. H: C=2. 33 r. O: C=0. 17 Methanol CH 3 OH r. H: C=4 r. O: C=1 MTBE C 5 H 12 O r. H: C=2. 4 r. O: C=0. 2 CH 4 (95 %)- C 2 H 6 (5 %) r. H: C=3. 90 r. O: C=0. 0 CH 4 (85 %)- C 2 H 6 (15 %) r. H: C=3. 74 r. O: C=0. 0 LPG Fuel A C 3 H 8 (50 %)-C 4 H 10 (50 %) r. H: C=2. 57 r. O: C=0. 0 LPG Fuel B C 3 H 8 (85 %)-C 4 H 10 (15 %) r. H: C=2. 63 r. O: C=0. 0 Fuel (m) Chemical formula Gasoline Natural Gas

Export to CRF (common reporting format used in IPCC GHG Inventory Methodologies)

Automatic XML-file creation Automated procedure to export all years to CRF CO 2 exported only on the basis of fossil fuel consumption Biodiesel/Bioethanol CO 2 is set to 0 CH 4 and N 2 O exports are proportional to fuel consumption, example: CH 4, XML, BIO, DIESEL = CH 4, COPERT × FCBIO, DIESEL / FCTOT, DIESEL

Export to NFR (new format reporting used to prepare the emission inventory report under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP))

Automatic XLS-file creation Automated procedure to export data to NFR this function is only possible for the latest version of the templates All emission and activity data of the road-transport sector (NFR code 1 A 3 b) are automatically filled in the Annex IV - Table 1 sheet of the template

Users: Continent Distribution

Distribution of users from Europe

User Affiliation Ø Ø Ø Private sector includes consultants, construction companies, emission and transport research, etc. International organizations include fuel, insurance and transport companies and authorities Local authorities mainly include regional environmental offices

Applications Ø Ø Ø Academic use is for lectures, courses, theses Evaluation / research : General application not specified in more detail by the users Emissions / emission factors: Application on particular studies necessitating total estimates or just derivation of emission factors

COPERT 4 Usage GAINS/ RAINS / EC 4 MACS TERM TREMOVE COPERT 4 FLEETS AEIG 22 MSs 2006 IPCC GLs STEERS (CONCAWE)

Individual applications Air quality and impact assessments Projections (energy, CO 2, pollutants) Urban/regional inventories New road (road section) construction Airports (ground traffic) Captive fleets (refuse trucks, private fleets, taxis) Optimisation of loading capacity of HDVs

Input data-software to COPERT FLEETS project/2008 TRACCS/2012 (FLEETS II) TRENDS/1999 SIBYL/2012 (TRENDS II)

Outline Envisaged as a vehicle stock projection tool with internal energy consumption, emission and cost estimation capabilities. Scenario evaluation tool Focuses on user interaction and visual representation of user – defined metrics. A detailed EU-wide vehicle stock baseline database has been included in the application BETA version available for download: http: //www. emisia. com/tools/SIBYL. html

Current Status (SIBYL v 0. 9 BETA) Results include: Stock – related both detailed (Year, Age, Vehicle Category) and summarised statistics Activity statistics Energy/Fuel Consumption CO 2 Estimation Hot Emissions estimation based on Activity

Vehicle Technologies Conventional vehicle technologies based on COPERT Electricity-based technologies included as custom vehicles: hybrid electric, various vehicle sizes and level of hybridisation range extender, battery electric, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles User-driven custom vehicle technology design has been implemented.

Future Work SIBYL will include software and baseline update options. Biofuel - flexifuel technology modelling will be implemented More options for special vehicle features Real-world vs. type-approval comparison High – tier interlink and a feedback connection which will add constraints and produce optimal solutions i. e. a number of solutions or ideally optimisation according to legislative/renewal targets (several alternative solutions) Cost evaluation as a by-product

Links COPERT download http: //www. emisia. com/copert/Download. html COPERT methodology http: //www. emisia. com/documentation. html COPERT data (FLEETS project) http: //www. emisia. com/tools/FLEETS. html EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook http: //www. eea. europa. eu/themes/air/emep-eea-air-pollutant-emissioninventory-guidebook/emep European Topic Centre for Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation http: //acm. eionet. europa. eu/ JRC/IES http: //ies. jrc. europa. eu/ Task Force on Emission Inventories and Projections (TFEIP) http: //tfeip-secretariat. org/

Thank you!

Non-exhaust emissions (evaporation) Breathing Losses Canister Vent Fuel Line Vapour Liquid Engine Fuel Tank Permeation / Leakages Mechanisms causing evaporation emissions • Diurnal emissions • Hot soak emissions • Running losses Parked vehicle Engine running Only relevant for Gasoline!

What is evaporation dependant on Vehicle technology Tank (vehicle) size Canister (vehicle) size Vehicle mileage (adsorption potential) Temperature variation Fuel vapour pressure (k. Pa) Fuel tank fill level Parking time distribution Trip duration

Non-exhaust PM Particulate Matter due to road transport is also produced by: Tyre abrasion Brake abrasion Road wear (not included in COPERT 4) Emission rates depend on: Vehicle category (car, truck, motorcycle) Number of axles/wheels (trucks) Vehicle load Vehicle speed

SIBYL v 0. 9 BETA Vehicle Stock Projection and Scenario Evaluation Software

SIBYL Hot Features Fast and transparent calculation Easy scenario setup and evaluation Built-in state-of-the-art technologies Intuitive and flexible new technology implementation Powerful GUI, interactive chart features Bottom-up approach (market growth, policy targets, energy mix Cross-checking with national data Standard import-export features Higher-tier modelling calibration (to be realised)

At a Glance (1/2)

At a Glance (2/2)