Coordinate Adjectives
You need a comma between adjectives if they pass both of the tests: Switch-a-Roo Test (copyright: Berg) AND Test Does the sentence make sense if the adjectives are written in reverse order? Does the sentence make sense if the adjectives are written with and between them?
The pianist played a beautiful haunting melody. Does it pass the Switch-a-Roo test? yes no Does it pass the AND test? yes no comma needed Correct comma usage: The pianist played a beautiful, haunting melody
The cold December wind chilled me to my bones. Does it pass the Switch-a-Roo test? yes no Does it pass the AND test? yes no Correct Without Commas
Let’s go catch the 8: 00 show at that old drive-in movie theater. Does it pass the Switch-a-Roo test? yes no Does it pass the AND test? yes no Correct Without Commas
Essential vs. Non-essential Clauses
Mexico City the biggest city in the world has many interesting archaeological sites. essential non-essential commas needed Mexico City, the biggest city in the world, has many interesting archaeological sites. We don't need to know that Mexico city is the biggest city in the world to know what it has interesting archaeological sites.
I gave my lecture notes to Abhay who is a friend of mine. essential non-essential commas needed I gave my lecture notes to Abhay, who is a friend of mine. We don't need to know what Abhay is a friend of yours - extra info.
Freddie hopes to return to the city where he met a woman with haunting green eyes. essential non-essential no commas needed Which of the many cities on the planet? The one where Freddie met a memorable woman!
My mother a lovely woman baked cupcakes for my birthday. essential non-essential commas needed My mother, a lovely woman, baked cupcakes for my birthday. We don't need to know that she is a lovely woman - extra info. Without it, we still know the subject and what the subject is doing.
Jill as a matter of fact ate the last slice. essential non-essential commas needed Jill, as a matter of fact, ate the last slice. It interrupts the sentence.
The most untidy area of the house Benny's study room is packed full of books. essential non-essential commas needed The most untidy area of the house, Benny's study room is packed full of books.
The man who ordered another double anchovy pizza claims to have a pet dolphin in his backyard pool. essential non-essential no commas needed Which man among the billions of human males on the planet? The one who ordered the double anchovy pizza!
My friend's car a red classic convertible with buckle seats is the topic of discussion today. essential non-essential commas needed My friend's car, a red classic convertible with buckle seats, is the topic of discussion today.
Ms. Elizabeth my vice-principal punished me for not doing homework. essential non-essential commas needed Ms. Elizabeth, my vice-principal, punished me for not doing homework.
Herald passed away yesterday who was a great writer. essential non-essential commas needed Herald passed away yesterday, who was a great writer.
The girl that lost her purse reported her lost credit card immediately. essential non-essential no commas needed Which girl among the billions of human girls on the planet? The one that lost her purse. “that" indicates essential
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