CONTENTS 8 -1 8 -2 8 -3 8

CONTENTS 8 -1 8 -2 8 -3 8 -4 8 -5 8 -6 8 -7 Preview Connecting ideas with and Connecting ideas with but and or Connecting ideas with so Using auxiliary verbs after but and Using and + too, so, either, neither Connecting ideas with because Connecting ideas with even though/although 1

PREVIEW PUNCTUATION: CORRECT OR INCORRECT ? Elephants eat leaves and brush. 2

PREVIEW PUNCTUATION: CORRECT OR INCORRECT ? Flounder are fish all fish live in water. CORRECT Flounder are fish. All fish live in water. 3

PREVIEW PUNCTUATION: CORRECT OR INCORRECT ? Carrots onions and celery are vegetables. CORRECT Carrots, onions, and celery are vegetables. 4

8 -1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND We had salmon, asparagus, and salad for dinner. 5

8 -1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND CONNECTING ITEMS WITHIN A SENTENCE (a) NO COMMA: I ate an apple and a banana. , , (b) COMMA: I ate an apple a banana and a pear. 6

8 -1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND CONNECTING ITEMS WITHIN A SENTENCE (a) NO COMMA: I ate an apple and a banana. , , (b) COMMA: I ate an apple a banana and a pear. and connects two words and connects three or more NO COMMAS 7

8 -1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES , (c) COMMA: I ate an apple and you ate a pear. 8

8 -1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES , (c) COMMA: I ate an apple and you ate a pear. and connects two sentences COMMA 9

8 -1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES . (d) PERIOD: I ate an apple You ate a pear. (e) INCORRECT: I ate an apple, you ate a pear. 10

8 -1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES . (d) PERIOD: I ate an apple You ate a pear. (e) INCORRECT: I ate an apple, you ate a pear. period two complete sentences no “and” no comma 11

8 -1 LET’S PRACTICE COMMA NO COMMAS ? I like lettuce and tomato on my cheeseburger. 12

8 -1 LET’S PRACTICE COMMA NO COMMAS ? , I speak Hindi and you speak Swedish. 13

8 -1 LET’S PRACTICE COMMA NO COMMAS ? I like lettuce tomato and cheese on my hamburger. 14

8 -1 LET’S PRACTICE COMMA NO COMMAS ? , , I like lettuce tomato and cheese on my hamburger. 15

8 -2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR I studied for the test, but I failed. 16

8 -2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR (a) The team played well but didn’t win. (b) Is it going to rain or snow? (c) Would you like peas, carrots, or squash? and, but and or commas “conjunctions” connect items series of three or more 17

8 -2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR I had the flu. = a sentence I didn’t feel sick. = a sentence (d) I had the flu, but I didn’t feel sick. (e) Did you have the flu, or was it just a cold? two complete sentences with but or or comma 18

8 -2 LET’S PRACTICE and but or + COMMA NO COMMA I love to eat ice cream ____ it gives me a stomachache. 19

8 -2 LET’S PRACTICE and but or + COMMA NO COMMA , I love to eat ice cream ____ but it gives me a stomachache. 20

8 -2 LET’S PRACTICE and but or + COMMA NO COMMA , She goes to school, studies hard ____ and gets good grades. 21

8 -2 LET’S PRACTICE and but or + COMMA NO COMMA Would you like an apple ____ a banana. 22

8 -2 LET’S PRACTICE and but or + COMMA NO COMMA Would you like an apple ____ a banana. or 23

8 -3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO Rajiv got a new bike, so he went for a ride. 24

8 -3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO (a) She was tired, so she took a nap. , so two independent clauses 25

8 -3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO (a) She was tired, so she took a nap. So results: cause: She was tired. result: She took a nap. 26

8 -3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO (a) She was tired, so she took a nap. (b) COMPARE: She was tired, but she didn’t take a nap. but unexpected result 27

8 -3 LET’S PRACTICE so but He was frightened, but he didn’t cry. ___ 28

8 -3 LET’S PRACTICE so but She was lonely, ___ she so hugged her stuffed monkey. 29

8 -3 LET’S PRACTICE His mother told him not to play in the mud, ___ he didn’t listen. but so but 30

8 -4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND He likes pizza, but I don’t. 31

8 -4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND (a) I don’t play tennis, but Jim does = play tennis (b) I like racketball, but Jim doesn’t. (c) I won’t be leaving, but Nazan will. (d) Yi-When has been to Rome, but Jen hasn’t. (e) She isn’t at school, but he is. 32

8 -4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND (f) I don’t play tennis, and Jim doesn’t either. (g) I like racketball, and Jim does too. (h) I won’t be leaving, and Nazan won’t either. (i) Yi-When has been to Rome, and Jen has too. (j) She isn’t at school, and he isn’t either. 33

8 -4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND I don’t play tennis, but Jim does. negative + but + affirmative I like racketball, but Jim doesn’t. affirmative + but + negative I won’t be leaving, and Nazan won’t either. negative + and + negative I don’t play tennis, and Jim doesn’t either. negative + and + negative 34

8 -4 LET’S PRACTICE CORRECT OR INCORRECT ? I love to ski, but my sister does too. CORRECT I love to ski, and my sister does too. 35

8 -4 LET’S PRACTICE CORRECT OR INCORRECT ? The man is cooking, but the woman isn’t. 36

8 -4 LET’S PRACTICE CORRECT OR INCORRECT ? Lee hasn’t been to Tokyo, but Boram does. CORRECT Lee hasn’t been to Tokyo, but Boram has. 37

8 -5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER Ms. Poulos plays the violin, and her daughter does too. 38

8 -5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER subj + aux + TOO (a) Hyun likes dogs, and Sun Hee does too. SO + aux + subj (b) Hyun likes dogs, and so does Sun Hee. same meaning 39

8 -5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER subj + aux + EITHER (c) Bob doesn’t like dogs, and Jay doesn’t either. NEITHER + aux + subj (d) Bill doesn’t like dogs, and neither does Jay. same meaning 40

8 -5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER (e) I’m happy that we are cooking together. (f) I’m happy that we are cooking together. I am too. So am I. same meaning 41

8 -5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER (g) I don’t like bread. (h) I don’t like bread. I don’t either. Neither do I. same meaning 42

8 -5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER (i) I like fruit. (j) I don’t like bread. Me too. Me neither. informal English 43

8 -5 LET’S PRACTICE y Amy is wearing high Emma heels, and _______ is too ________. Am E a m m Ja ne Ju y too 44

8 -5 LET’S PRACTICE y Amy wears high so does heels, and _______ Emma ________. Am E a m m Ja ne Ju y so 45

8 -5 LET’S PRACTICE y Jay doesn’t have long hair, and neither does Amy ________. Am E a m m Ja ne Ju y neither 46

8 -6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE They are happy because they bought a new house. 47

8 -6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE (a) She is smiling because she is happy. because reason 48

8 -6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE (b) MAIN CLAUSE: She is smiling. complete sentence (c) ADVERB CLAUSE: because she is happy. complete sentence because + subject + verb = an adverb clause 49

8 -6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE MAIN CLAUSE ADVERB CLAUSE (d) She is smiling because she is happy. (no comma) main clause + no comma + adverb clause ADVERB CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE (e) Because she is happy, she is smiling. (comma) adverb clause + comma + main clause 50

8 -6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE MAIN CLAUSE ADVERB CLAUSE (d) She is smiling because she is happy. (no comma) ADVERB CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE (e) Because she is happy, she is smiling. (comma) same meaning 51

8 -6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE (f) INCORRECT IN WRITING: She is smiling. Because she is happy. Written? must be connected to a main clause 52

8 -6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE (g) CORRECT IN SPEAKING: Why is he laughing? Because I told him a joke. 53

8 -6 LET’S PRACTICE CORRECT OR INCORRECT ? Her eyes are watering. Because she is sick. CORRECT Her eyes are watering ________. because she is sick OR Because she is sick, _________ her eyes are watering. 54

8 -6 LET’S PRACTICE CORRECT OR INCORRECT ? The woman is happy because she loves her English class. 55

8 -7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH / ALTHOUGH Even though we were tired, we didn’t rest. 56

8 -7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH / ALTHOUGH (a) Even though I was very sad, I didn’t cry. I did not cry even though I was very sad. 57

8 -7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH / ALTHOUGH (a) Even though I was very sad, I didn’t cry. I did not cry even though I was very sad. (b) Although I was very sad, I didn’t cry. I did not cry although I was very sad. same even though adverb clause + meaning although 58

8 -7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH / ALTHOUGH COMPARE: (c) Because I was very sad, I cried. (d) Even though I was very sad, I did not cry. because expected result even though although unexpected result 59

8 -7 LET’S PRACTICE even though because ______ I wanted to become a doctor, I Because went to medical school. 60

8 -7 LET’S PRACTICE even though because ______ it was difficult Even though to become a doctor, I did it anyway. 61

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