CONTENTS 4 -1 4 -2 4 -3 4 -4 4 -5 4 -6 4 -7 4 -8 4 -9 Review Past participle Forms of the present perfect Meanings of the present perfect Simple past vs. present perfect Using since and for Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect Using already, yet, still, and anymore Past perfect 1
Review and Preview PRESENT AND PAST VERBS give take love find be Jenna _____ her dog. His name __ Max. is loves gave Jenna’s grandfather ____ Max to her. Her grandfather _____ him at an animal shelter. found Jenna _____ very good care her dog. takes He __ a great dog. is 2
4 -1 PAST PARTICIPLE She has forgotten his name. 3
4 -1 PAST PARTICIPLE SIMPLE FORM SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE REGULAR VERBS finish stop wait finished stopped waited IRREGULAR VERBS see make put saw made put seen made put past perfect tense present perfect tense 4
4 -1 LET’S PRACTICE SIMPLE FORM SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE stop go take write stopped went took wrote stopped gone taken written 5
4 -2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT He has finished all his work. 6
4 -2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT (a) I have worked very hard this year. (b) The students have worked hard. (c) Alex has worked very hard. STATEMENT: have/has + past participle 7
4 -2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT (d) I’ve/You’ve/We’ve/They’ve gone home. (e) She’s/He’s gone home. (f) It’s been hot all week. CONTRACTION : pronoun + have = ’ve pronoun + has =k’s 8
4 -2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT (g) I have not gone home yet. (h) Fatima has not gone home. NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle 9
4 -2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT (g) I haven’t gone home yet. (h) Fatima hasn’t gone home. NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle NEGATIVE CONTRACTION: have + not = haven’t has + not = hasn’t 10
4 -2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT (i) Have you read the report? 11
4 -2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT (j) Has Marcy gone home? (k) How long have you worked there? QUESTION : have/has + subject + past participle 12
4 -2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT (l) No, I haven’t. I have only read a few pages. Have you read all of this article? SHORT ANSWER: have/haven’t 13
4 -2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT (m) Has Kyung finished her homework? Yes, she has. She did it after school. SHORT ANSWER: has/hasn’t 14
4 -2 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PERFECT you touch ever Have you ever touched __________ a snake? 15
4 -2 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PERFECT touch never I’ve never touched No, ________ a snake. 16
4 -2 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PERFECT _________ a shark? Has Justin ever seen Justin see ever 17
4 -2 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PERFECT Yes, he ___. He saw one near Cape Town, has South Africa. 18
4 -3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT Tyler has taken his first steps. Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet. 19
4 -3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT MEANING #1: SOMETHING HAPPENED BEFORE NOW AT AN UNSPECIFIED TIME 20
4 -3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT MEANING #1 (a) Tyler has already taken his first steps. (b) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet. (c) Have you ever seen Zoe crawl? occurred before now or sometime in the past 21
4 -3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT now MEANING #1 (a) Tyler has already taken his first steps. (b) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet. (c) Have you ever seen Zoe crawl? before now time? X X 22
4 -3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT MEANING #1 (d) Mary has painted portraits many times. (e) Her students have painted portraits twice. activity repeated before now, unspecified past times 23
4 -3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT MEANING #1 now (d) Mary has painted portraits many times. (e) Her students have painted portraits twice. before now X XX X 24
4 -3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT MEANING #2: A SITUATION BEGAN IN THE PAST AND CONTINUES TO THE PRESENT. 25
4 -3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT MEANING #2 (f) We’ve been working since 8 o’clock. (g) I have played the violin for six years. I learned to play six years ago, and I still play it. present perfect + past since for present 26
4 -3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT MEANING #2: x now 8: 00 (f) We’ve been working since 8 o’clock. x x 27
4 -3 LET’S PRACTICE Kyung has already taken the test. MEANING #1: Something happened before now at an unspecified time. OR ? MEANING #2: A situation began in the past and continues to the present. 28
4 -3 LET’S PRACTICE I’ve been studying since 8 AM. MEANING #1: Something happened before now at an unspecified time OR ? MEANING #2: A situation began in the past and continues to the present 29
4 -3 LET’S PRACTICE Rosa has been to Italy three times. MEANING #1: Something happened before now at an unspecified time OR ? MEANING #2: A situation began in the past and continues to the present 30
4 -4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT I had an angel fish when I was a child. I have had many other fish since then. 31
4 -4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST (a) They completed the game at 4: 00. specific time PRESENT PERFECT (b) They have already completed the game. unspecified time 32
4 -4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST (c) I was in Nigeria when I was five years old. specific time PRESENT PERFECT (d) I have been in Nigeria three times. unspecified time 33
4 -4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST (e) Jack camped in France for 9 days. for activity began & ended in past PRESENT PERFECT since last Monday. (f) Eli has been camping for 9 days. for / since activity began & continues 34
4 -4 LET’S PRACTICE SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME ? We have been in Tokyo many times. UNSPECIFIED PRESENT PERFECT 35
4 -4 LET’S PRACTICE SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME ? Barry has never been to Tokyo. UNSPECIFIED PRESENT PERFECT 36
4 -4 LET’S PRACTICE SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME ? Gina went to Tokyo last month. SPECIFIED SIMPLE PAST 37
4 -5 USING SINCE AND FOR I have been here since 6: 00 AM. 38
4 -5 USING SINCE AND FOR (a) I have worked here Since since noon. since Wednesday. since April. since 2006. since May 9, 2007. since yesterday. since last week. Specific point in time 39
4 -5 USING SINCE AND FOR (b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007. CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007. present perfect + since (c) INCORRECT: I am studying English since 2007. present progressive NOT used 40
4 -5 USING SINCE AND FOR (b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007. CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007. present perfect + since (d) INCORRECT: I study English since 2007. simple present NOT used 41
4 -5 USING SINCE AND FOR (b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007. CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007. present perfect + since (e) INCORRECT: I studied English since 2007. INCORRECT: I was study English since 2007. simple past NOT used 42
4 -5 USING SINCE AND FOR MAIN CLAUSE (present perfect) (f) I have known her SINCE-CLAUSE (simple past) since I was fifteen. (g) Jim has played many sports since he tried soccer. Since time clause 43
4 -5 USING SINCE AND FOR (h) I have worked here For fifty minutes. for five hours. for ten days. for about six weeks. for almost two months. for many years. for a long time. length of time 44
4 -5 USING SINCE AND FOR (i) I have worked here for twelve years. I got a job here twelve years ago, and I still have it. present perfect + for + length of time past present (j) I played sports for fifteen years. I am too busy now. simple past present 45
4 -5 LET’S PRACTICE 3 hours she was six Mary has been playing the piano she was six since ______. Mary has been playing the piano three hours for ______. 46
4 -5 LET’S PRACTICE he started school 15 years Alejandro has studied English he started school since ________. Alejandro has studied English fifteen years for _________. 47
4 -5 LET’S PRACTICE for since I have driven a taxi _____ 2006. since My uncle has driven a taxi ____ thirty years. for 48
4 -6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE Dee has been working for ten hours. 49
4 -6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (a) Dee has been working since 6 o’clock. (b) She has been working for ten hours. STATEMENT: have/has + been + -ing 50
4 -6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (c) How long has she been working? QUESTION FORM: have/has + subject + been + -ing 51
4 -6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (d) Mary is playing the piano right now. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE in progress right now duration of time not mentioned Mary has been playing the piano right now. 52
4 -6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (e) Mary has been playing since noon. (f) Mary has been playing for an hour. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE began in past in progress right now time expressed Mary is playing the piano since noon. 53
4 -6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (g) CORRECT: It belongs to Amy. (h) INCORRECT: It is belonging to Amy. (i) CORRECT: She has owned it for one month. (j) INCORRECT: She has been owning it for one month. non-action verbs progressive tenses 54
4 -6 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE use is using My sister _____ the phone. has been using She _______ it for three hours. I need to make a call. 55
4 -6 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE dance are dancing Her parents _____. have been dancing They ________ together for over thirty years. 56
4 -6 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE go going Where are you _______for the summer holiday? going I am ______ to the beach. have been going I _______ to the beach every summer since I was a child. 57
4 -7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT These guys are hiking. They have been hiking for several days. 58
4 -7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (a) My cousin is hiking with his friends. They have been hiking for several days. duration of present activities, action verbs PRESENT PERFECT (b) My cousin has hiked many mountains. repeated activities unspecified times in the past 59
4 -7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT (b) My cousin has hiked many mountains. (c) INCORRECT: My cousin has been hiking many mountains. 60
4 -7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT (d) The guys have known each other for ten years. (e) INCORRECT: The guys have been knowing each other for ten years. duration of present activities, non-action verbs 61
4 -7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT (f) I have been studying medicine for one year. OR (g) I have studied medicine for one year. same meaning 62
4 -7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT (h) Rolf has been running every day since he was a child. OR Rolf has run every day since he was a child. usual, habitual activities either tense okay 63
4 -7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT (i) I’ve been studying Spanish ever since I visited Mexico. OR I’ve studied Spanish ever since I visited Mexico. usual, habitual activities either tense okay 64
4 -7 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PERFECT live How long has your family ______ here? ___ lived We _____ here for ten years. have lived 65
4 -7 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE live been living How long has your family _____ here? ___ have been living We _______ here for ten years. 66
4 -8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE I already fed the dog. 67
4 -8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE ALREADY (a) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. I already fed the dog. happened before now Position: midsentence 68
4 -8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE YET (b) I usually feed the dog, but I haven’t fed him yet. did not happen before now Position: end of sentence 69
4 -8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE STILL (c) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. He is still hungry. He still wants to eat. (d) I liked classical movies when I was in college. I still like them. (e) It hasn’t rained all week. It still isn’t raining. 70
4 -8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE STILL (c) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. He is still hungry. He still wants to eat. (d) I liked classical movies when I was in college. I still like them. (e) It hasn’t rained all week. It still isn’t raining. situation continues to exist Position: midsentence 71
4 -8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE (f) I used to be a teacher, but I retired. I don’t work anymore. does not continue Position: end of sentence 72
4 -8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE ALREADY (a) I already fed the dog. YET (b) I haven’t fed him yet. ANYMORE (f) I don’t work anymore. STILL (c) He is still hungry. (e) It still isn’t raining. affirmative sentences negative sentences affirmative or negative sentences 73
4 -8 LET’S PRACTICE She doesn’t have any money. She _______ spent it all. already yet still anymore 74
4 -8 LET’S PRACTICE I did some homework, but I still ______ have more to do. already yet still anymore 75
4 -8 LET’S PRACTICE We used to be friends, but we had an argument. We don’t like each other ____. anymore already yet still anymore 76
4 -9 PAST PERFECT When they arrived at the store, it had already closed. 77
4 -9 PAST PERFECT (a) When they arrived at the store, it had already closed. two events in the past 1 st event - Past Perfect 2 nd event – Simple Past 78
4 -9 PAST PERFECT (b) The store had already closed when they arrived. FORM: had + past participle 79
4 -9 PAST PERFECT (c) It’d closed. She’d gone home. He’d gone home. They’d gone home. We’d gone home. You’d gone home. CONTRACTION: I / you / she / it / we / they + ’d 80
4 -9 PAST PERFECT (d) I’m not cooking now. I’ve already ordered pizza. occurred before now, at an unspecified time X noon X PAST PERFECT before noon X now before now PRESENT PERFECT X (e) I was not cooking at noon. I had already ordered pizza. occurred before another time in the past 81
4 -9 PAST PERFECT (f) I was waiting when the pizza arrived. in progress at a particular time in the past X he came home X PAST PERFECT pizza arrived X pizza arrived began waiting PAST PROGRESSIVE X (g) The pizza had arrived when he came home. completed before a particular time in the past 82
4 -9 PAST PERFECT I had already gone to bed when it started snowing. a. it started snowing ____ 2 nd b. I went to bed 1 st 2 nd ____ 1 st 83
4 -9 PAST PERFECT I tried to go shopping, but the store had closed. a. store closed ____ 1 st 2 nd b. tried to go shopping ____ 84
4 -9 PAST PERFECT A friend called to suggest a good movie. She had seen it last Friday. a. the friend saw the movie ____ 1 st b. the friend called 1 st 2 nd ____ 2 nd 85
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