CONNECTIVE TISSUE BLOOD CELLS THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

CONNECTIVE TISSUE BLOOD CELLS

THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE DEVELOPMENT FROM MESENCHYME ABUNDANT INTERCELLULAR SUBSTANCE VARIETY OF CELLS

CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE BLOOD AND LYMHH FIBROUS. PROPER CONNECTIVE TISSUE SKELETAL SPECIALIZED

Functions 1. Homeostasis: transport, metabolic rate of the organic and inorganic chemistries, humeral regulation, temperature regulation. 2. Protection: mechanical protection, specific and nonspecific humeral mechanisms of the cell-regulation. 3. Support, shaping and environmental functions for other tissues. 4. Histotypical regeneration.

CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBROUS. PROPER CONNECTIVE TISSUE Loose irregular connective tissue Dense regular connective tissue

Loose irregular connective tissue Features: too many cells, small volume of the ground substance and small number of the fibers. The fibers are disordered Localization: walls of internal organs, the vascular adventitia, the proper connective tissue plate of the mucous coats, submucous tela.

Рыхлая irregular connective tissue Loose волокнистая неоформленная

Fibroblasts (junior, mature, fibrocytes, myofibrocytes, fibroclasts) Macrophages (monocytes). Functions – endocytosis, expression of the BAS. Mast cells. Granules– heparin, serotonin, histamine, himasa, tripasa. Functions – releasing of the above noted enzymes, the synthesis of the DAS. Adventitial cells, pericytes, endotheliocytes, pigmentocytes, adipocytes, leucocytes (from vessels). Plasma cells (В-lymphocytes) – expression of antibodies.

Ground substance. Collagen fibers (4 levels of it’s organisation).

Spiral part Globular part Acid glucosaminoglycans

Elastic fibers – outer coat – micro fibrils and elastin inside Reticular fibers – the type of collagen. Well staining by silver nitrate – this is why also termed as “argirophylic” fibers Ground substance : glucosaminoglycans (interstitial and membrane assotiated). Proteoglycans: AGAG+protein Glicoproteins – fibronectin, laminin. The consistence of the ground substance – jell.

Плотная irregular connective tissue Dense волокнистая неоформленная Features: small number of cells, too many the fibers. The fibers are disordered Localization: the proper layer of the skin, the periosteum, the perichondrium

Cells Fibroblasts (junior, mature, fibrocytes, myofibrocytes, fibroclasts) Macrophages (monocytes). Functions – endocytosis, expression of the BAS. Mast cells. Granules– heparin, serotonin, histamine, himasa, tripasa. Functions – releasing of the above noted enzymes, the synthesis of the DAS.

Ground substance Many collagen and elastic fibers. GAG and proteoglycans.

Dense regular connective tissue Features: small number of cells, too many the fibers. The fibers are well ordered (grouped at bundles) Localization: the tendo, articular capsule, ligaments, fascia.

Cells Fibroblasts (junior, mature, fibrocytes, myofibrocytes, fibroclasts) Macrophages (monocytes). Functions – endocytosis, expression of the BAS. Mast cells. Granules– heparin, serotonin, histamine, himasa, tripasa. Functions – releasing of the above noted enzymes, the synthesis of the DAS.

Ground substance Many collagen and elastic fibers. They are disorientated and grouped at thick bundles GAG and proteoglycans

Tendo Endotenonium Peritenonium Articular capsule Fibrous layer Sinovial layer Subsinovial layer (main joints)

CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE SPECIALIZED Adipose tissue Pigmented tissue Mucoid connective tissue Reticular tissue

Adipose tissue Localization White adipose tissue Brown adipose tissue Every where Interscapular area, around the kidney, thyroid gland. The newborn organism most reach in this type of the adipose tissue

Cells At the cytoplasm – one big droplet of the fat. The nucleus and the organells are decentralized. In between fat lobules – the loose irregular connective tissue At the cytoplasm – several small droplets of the fat. The nucleus and the organells are placed at the center. Too many big mitochondria. But an energy utilizing for the warming of the organism, and not stored as ATP. The color caused by numerous cytochromes.

Ground substance Small number of collagen and elastic fibers. GAG and proteinglicans.

Pigmented tissue Loose or dense irregular connective tissue containing too many pigment cells. Localization: vascular coat of the eye ball, the skin of the nipple and it’s areola, nevus.

Mucoid connective tissue Features: small number of cells, too much amorphous jelly substance. Localization: umbilical cord (Wharton’s jelly) Cells: low differentiated fibroblasts Ground substance– too many thin collagen fibers, hyaluron acid.

Reticular tissue Produce the soft skeleton of the red bone marrow Cells: reticular cells (the variant of fibroblasts), organized at the meshwork by their processuses. Macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells and adipocytes. Ground substance – reticular fibers – the variant of collagen (well staining by silver nitrate).

COMPOSITION OF THE BLOOD PLASMA FLUID INTERCELLULAR SUBSTANCE – 90% OF WATER, 9% OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES (MORE THEN 200 TYPES OF PROTEINS), 1% OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES FORMED ELEMENTS AN AVERAGE VOLUME OF FORMED ELEMENTS – 35 -45% IN FEMALE, 40 -50% - IN MALE

CLASSIFICATION OF FORMED ELEMENTS ERYTHROCYTES (RED BLOOD CELLS) LEUCOCYTES (WHITE BC) PLATELETS ERYTHROCYTES 4, 0 - 5, 5 х 10 12 /L or. . . х106/CUBIC MM IN MALE; 3, 7 - 4, 5 х 10 12 /L or. . . х106/CUBIC MM IN FEMALE LEUCOCYTES - 4, 0 - 9, 0 х 109 /L or. . . х 103 /CUB. MM. PLATELETS - 200 - 400 х 10 9 /L or. . . х 103 /CUB. MM.

STRUCTURE OF ERYTHROCYTES CONTENTS 1. HYALOPLASM 2. HEMOGLOBIN ENVELOPE 1. PLASMA MEMBRANE 2. GLYCOCALYX 3. CYTOSKELETON

MORPHOLOGYCAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RBC DIAMETER SHAPE INTERNAL STRUCTURE

A BICONCAVE SHAPE, APPEARING PALER IN THE CENTER AND DARKER AT THE PERIPHERY. AGING ERYTHROCYTES BECOME SPHEROCYTES.

DIAMETER – 7 – 8 МKM NORMOCYTES MORE THAN 70% 9 -10 МКМ - MACROCYTES 5 - 6 МКМ – MICROCYTES

PATHOLOGY OF ERYTHROCYTES MEGALOCYTES SPHEROCYTES (ARROWS), MEGALOCYTES (DOUBLE ARROW) SICKLED CELLS

RED CELLS HAVE A SHORT LIFE SPAN OF 100 -120 DAYS. THE MATURE RBC IS UNABLE TO SYNTHESIZE NEW ENZYMES TO REPLACE THOSE LOST DURING NORMAL METABOLIC PROCESSES. DIMINISHING EFFICIENCY OF ION PUMPING MECHANISMS IS PROBABLY THE MAIN FACTOR IN RED CELL AGING. AROUND 1, 0% OF RBC CONTAIN BASOPHILIC INCLUSIONS INSIDE THEIR CYTOPLASM – RETICULOCYTES. THE INCLUDED GRANULAR OR RETICULAR STRUCTURES ARE RESIDUES OF ORGANELLES (MITICHONDRIA MAINLY).

CLASSIFICATION AND THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEUCOCYTES WHITE CELLS USE THE DLOOD FOR TRANSPORT FROM THE BONE MARROW TO THEIR MAJOR SITES OF ACTIVITY. THE MAJORITY OF THE FUNCTIONS OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS TAKE PLACE WHEN THEY LEAVE THE CIRCULATION TO ENTER TISSUES THERE ARE 5 MAIN TYPES OF LEUCOCYTES ACCORDING TO FEATURES OF SPECIFIC GRANULES

AGRANULOCYTES NEUTROPHILS MONOCYTES BASOPHILS LYMPHOCYTES EOSINOPHILS

NEUTROPHILS ARE THE MOST ABUNDANT OF THE CIRCULATING WHITE CELLS – 65 -75 % OF ALL WBC. THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF NEUTROPHILS: 1)POLIMORPHONUCLEAR (3 -4 AND MORE LOBULATED NUCLEUS) - 60 -65%; 2) STAB CELLS - 3 -5%; 3) METAMYELOCYTES - 0 -0, 5%. PRIMARY (AZUROPHILIC) GRANULES – LYSOSOMES. SECONDARY (SPECIFIC) GRANULES – AROUND 80 -90% OF ALL GRANULES. TERTIARY – SMALL GRANULES CONTAINING GELATINASE AND PHAGOCYTOSIS FACILITAITING GLYCOPROTEINS.

FUNCTIONS OF NEUTROPHILS 1. PHAGOCYTOSIS 2. PRODUCTION OF ANTIBACTERIAL SUBSTANCES (ACTIVE OXYGEN RADICALS AND …). 3. SECRETION OF ANTIBACTERIAL SUBSTANCES (LYSOZYME, LACTOFERRIN AND …. ) 4. LYSIS OF DAMAGED TISSUES

NEUTROPHILS ARE THE MAIN CELLS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION NEUTROPHILS IN ACUTE PNEUMONIA

EOSINOPHILS 2 -5% OF LEUCOCYTES DIAMETER – 12 -15 МКМ LARGE ACIDOPHILIC GRANULES (95% OF ALL) BILOBED NUCLEUS

STRUCTURE OF EOSINOPHILIC GRANULES CRYSTALLOID CENTER MAJOR BASIC PROTEIN KILLS PARASITES GRANULATED MATRIX 1. CATIONIC PROTEINS. 2. EOSINOPHILIC MYELOPEROXIDASE 3. HISTAMINASE ………………. .

ADHESION OF EOSINOPHIL TO THE BLOOD CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIUM

BASOPHILS 0 -0, 5% OF LEUCOCYTES 9 -12 МКМ IN DIAMETER SPECIFIC GRANULES (HEPARIN, HISTAMINE, CHEMOTACTIC FACTOR, ENZYMES). 2 -3 –LOBED OR S-SHAPED NUCLEUS

MONOCYTES 6(3) – 8% OF LEUCOCYTES THE LARGEST LEUCOCYTES 18 -20 МКМ IN DIAMETER KIDNEY – SHAPED NUCLEUS WITH DISTINCT CHROMATIN BASOPHILIC CYTOPLASM WITH AZUROPHILIC GRANULES

FUNCTION OF MONOCYTES IS TO DIFFERENTIATE INTO MACROPHAGES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE MONOCYTES ARE AROUND 400 TIMES NUMEROUS THAN CIRCULATING

LYMPHOCYTES 20 -35% OF LEUCOCYTES 6 - 18 МКМ IN DIAMETER ROUND OR OVAL NUCLEUS DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF LYMPHOCYTE BASOPHILIC CYTOPLASM

MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF LYMPHOCYTES SMALL 6 -7 МКМ. CONDENSED ROUND NUCLEI. MEDIUM 8 -9 МКМ. LARGE 10 -18 МКМ. NUCLEUS LIGHTER. ABUNDANT CYTOPLASM. INTENSELY BASOPHILIC CYTOPLASM. MOST NUMEROUS.

THE BASIC FUNCTIONAL (IMMUNOLOGICAL) CLASSIFICATION OF LYMPHOCYTES TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTES PERCENTAGE IN THE BLOOD Т-LYMPHOCYTES 70 -80% В-LYMPHOCYTES 10 -20% О-LYMPHOCYTES (NATURAL KILLERS AMONG THEM). 5 -10%

PLATELETS

STRUCTURE OF PLATELETS PLATELET PLASMA MEMBRANE HYALOPLASM GRANULATED PART MITOCHONDRIA, FRAGMENTS OF r. ERr, GOLGI ELEMENTS, GLYCOGEN, RIBOSOMES. RECEPTORS AND ADHESION MOLECULES ON THE EXTERNAL SURFACE. OPENED AND CLOSED TUBULES, CYTOSKELETON GRANULES: ALPHA – COAGULATION FACTORS. DENSE – Ca IONS, АТP, SEROTONIN, HISTAMIN. LAMBDA – LYSOSOMES. MICROPEROXISOMES - CATALASE.