Confined Space Entry CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

Confined Space Entry

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY • Overview – ANSI Z 117. 1 Standard – Types of Confined Spaces • Citations – No testing of atmosphere – No rescue provisions – No retrieval device for confined spaced greater than 5 feet deep

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY • Confined Spaces come in all shapes and sizes!

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY • The tragic loss of life occurred when confined space rules were not enforced by the employer.

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY • Wasau, Wisconsin • Lack of Oxygen in sewer • Rusty hand rails should have tipped them off!!

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

CONFINED SPACE PROGRAM • CONFINED SPACE FATAL ACCIDENTS – 35% Supervisor or Higher – 64% Did not need to enter – 66% Water / Wastewater / Sewer / Construction – 78% Oxygen deficient or IDLH toxic – 95% No confined space training – 100% No (or inadequate) powered ventilation – 100% No instrument at site (to measure hazardous atmosphere)

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY • Major Points – Written plan of action for rescue is required. – Ventilation is necessary if there is the potential for atmosphere to move out of the acceptable range. – ANSI governs construction, some contractors need to look at 1910. 119/146 for general industry.

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY • Fatalities – Excavations, manholes, foundations, underground vaults, grain elevators and sewer pipes are examples of deadly areas – NIOISH report from 1993 -1996 – 276 Incidents – 234 deaths – 193 injuries • Half of those killed were rescue personnel

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY • Is it a confined space? • Is it a permit required confined space? • Adds a new meaning to Special Delivery!

CATEGORIZING WORK SPACES • SPACE LARGE ENOUGH TO ENTER AND • LIMITED OR RESTRICTED ENTRY OR EXIT AND • NOT DESIGNED FOR CONTINUOUS OCCUPANCY

CATEGORIZING WORK SPACES • Requires a Permit if: – HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE – ENGULFMENT HAZARD – CONFIGURATION HAZARD – ANY RECOGNIZED SERIOUS HAZARD

CATEGORIZING WORK SPACES SPACE LARGE ENOUGH TO ENTER AND; LIMITED OR RESTRICTED ENTRY OR EXIT; NOT DESIGNED FOR CONTINUOUS OCCUPANCY NOT A CONFINED SPACE NO YES CONFINED SPACE PERMIT NON HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE OR REQUIRED PERMIT ENGULFMENT HAZARD OR CONFINED YES CONFIGURATION HAZARD? SPACE NO CONFINED SPACE ANY OTHER RECOGNIZED SERIOUS HAZARD

Categorizing Work Spaces • Confined space – Restricted means of entry/exit – Large enough for employee to enter & work – Not designed for continuous occupancy • Permit required confined space – Potential for hazardous atmosphere – Potential of material engulfing worker – Configuration that may trap worker – Contains other recognized hazards

PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE PROGRAM • Atmospheres • Other Hazards – Oxygen-deficient –Engulfment atmosphere –Falling Objects – Oxygen-enriched –Temperature Extremes atmosphere – Flammable atmosphere –Falls / Slick/wet surfaces – Toxic gases and vapors –Toxic / Corrosive chemicals –Moving parts/ equipment

HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE One slip and you’re gone! • • Too much Oxygen over Too little Oxygen under Flammable atmosphere Carbon Monoxide 23. 5% 19. 5% 10%LEL 35 ppm

OXYGEN-DEFICIENCY O 2 Content Effects and Symptoms (at patm) 15 -19% Decreased ability to work strenuously. May impair coordination and induce early symptoms in persons with coronory, pulmonary, or circulatory problems. 12 -14% Respiration increases in exertion, pulse up, impaired coordination, perception, and judgment. 10 -12% Respiration further increases in rate and depth, poor judgment, lips blue. 8 -10% Mental failure, fainting, unconsciousness, ashen face, blueness of lips, nausea, and vomiting. 6 -8% 8 min. , 100% fatal; 6 min. , 50% fatal; 4 -5 min. , recovery with treatment. 4 -6% Coma in 40 sec. , convulsions, respiration ceases, death. NOTE: Exposure to atmospheres containing 12% or less oxygen will bring about unconsciousness without warning and so quickly that individuals cannot help or protect themselves. (Source: Compressed Gas Association Bulletin SB-2)

CARBON DIOXIDE (CO 2) • Colorless, odorless noncombustible gas • Heavier than air • By-product of: – Carbonation – Inerting – Organic decay • grain elevators, sewers, storage bins, wells – Fermentation • digesters, molasses pits, beer and wine vats

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) • Colorless, odorless gas • Slightly lighter than air • Chemical asphyxiant • Primary source: incomplete combustion of organic material • Gasoline-fueled combustion engines

CONCENTRATION OF CO AND SYMPTOMS Percent ppm Effects 0. 02 200 Possibly headache, mild frontal in 2 -3 hrs. 0. 04 400 Headache, frontal, and nausea after 1 -2 hrs. ; occipital after 2 -1/2 to 3 -1/2 hrs. 0. 08 800 Headache, dizziness and nausea in 3/4 hour, collapse and possibly unconsciousness in 2 hrs. 0. 16 1, 600 Headache, dizziness and nausea in 20 min. ; collapse, unconsciousness, possibly death in 2 hr. 0. 32 3, 200 Headache and dizziness in 5 to 10 min. , unconsciousness and danger of death in 30 min. 0. 64 6, 400 Headache and dizziness in 1 to 2 min. , unconsciousness and danger of death in 10 to 15 min. 1. 28 12, 800 Immediate effect; unconsciousness and danger of death in 1 to 3 min. (Source: Hamilton & Hardy)

SYMPTOMS OF CO EXPOSURE Percent* Symptoms 0 -10 Shortness of breath on exertion 10 -20 Tightness across forehead, slight headache 20 -30 Throbbing headache 30 -40 Severe headache, nausea, vomiting, collapse on exertion 40 -50 All symptoms increased, pulse rate and breathing increased 50 -70 Coma, interrupted breathing (Cheyne-Stokes), death * Percent saturation of Hemoglobin with CO [Blood Levels] (Adapted from Dubois and Geiling)

PHYSICAL HAZARDS • • • Thermal effects (heat and cold), Moving machine parts Noise Vibration Radiation Fatigue while working in a confined space

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY By removing the hazard, it is possible to reclassify a permit space as a non-permit required space

EMPLOYER REQUIREMENTS • Evaluate workplace • Inform employees of – existence, location, & danger • If employees enter: – Develop written program – Train and educate employees

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY • Air Testing Monitor • Full Body Harness • Communication Equipment • Protective Eyewear • Protective Helmet • Protective Boots

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY • Entry into Permit Required Spaces takes teamwork! • Supervisor, Entrant and Attendant depend on each other.

ENTRY DUTIES SUPERVISOR • Know space hazards & consequences • Verify emergency plans, test procedures, and proper equipment • Terminate/cancel permits (upon completion or change • Remove unauthorized personnel • Ensure operation remains consistent with entry permit and conditions

ENTRY DUTIES AUTHORIZED ENTRANT • • Know space hazards and consequences Use appropriate PPE Maintain communication with attendant Exit ASAP on order or when hazard is observed • Alert attendant when prohibited condition exists or symptoms of exposure

ENTRY DUTIES ATTENDANT • Perform no other duties that interfere Know existing & potential hazards • Summon rescue & emergency service • Keep unauthorized personnel out • Order evacuation as necessary • Maintain communication • Remain outside space

WRITTEN PERMITS • • • Valid for a specified amount of time Lists equipment for safe entry Lists atmospheric testing results Specifies rescue team provisions Signed by the site supervisor Identifies by name: – The supervisor – Attendant – Entrant

PERMIT SYSTEM • Permit signed by supervisor • Entry permits include: – Test results & tester initials or signature – Supervisor name & signature – Name of space and personnel (by duty) – Purpose & control measures in place – Name & number of rescue/emergency service – Acceptable entry conditions – Special equipment & communication procedures

WRITTEN PROGRAM • • • Identify and evaluate space Test conditions in space and monitor Perform testing for atmospheric hazards Prevention of unauthorized entry Establish/implement procedures & practices Identify employee duties Provide, maintain, & require PPE One attendant minimum Procedures for calling rescue & emergency service

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY GAS DETECTOR • Oxygen content • Flammability • Explosion potential • Carbon monoxide • Hydrogen sulfide Critical issues • Training • Procedures • Calibration

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY • Draw samples without entering the space!

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY • Normal Readings

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY Bad Reading!! Evil Reading!! Oxygen level too low!! Alarm is going off!!

ROLE OF ENTRANT • • • Authorized to enter Be aware of prohibited conditions Use Personal Protective Equipment Evacuate immediately on order of attendant Begin self rescue in hazards Be alert to exposure

ROLE OF ATTENDANT • • • Must be stationed outside to monitor Special training to recognize hazards Maintain effective contact with entrant You are the entrant’s eyes and ears Order evacuation in hazardous situation

COMMUNICATION • Entrant and attendant must maintain contact • Have backup communication system • Methods – Simple voice – Radios – Telephone – “Tug Signals” on the cable

SELF-RESCUE • At first sign or trouble notify attendant and begin evacuation • Attendant notifies other workers to evacuate • Rescue team notified if necessary

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY • At times a simple fan will ventilate the permit required confined space enough to eliminate the hazard

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

NON-ENTRY RESCUE • • Entrant wears a harness Cable attached to the harness Use a hand crank! Wristlets may be used

RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS

RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS

EMERGENCIES • Employer responsibilities: – Rescuers provided with required PPE – Trained to perform rescue duties – Rescuers have authorized entrant’s training – Practice rescue exercises completed yearly • Full body harness and mechanical device

EMERGENCIES Confined Space Rescue teams must practice annually at each confined space they may provide rescue from The employer must verify that the rescue team can perform rescue missions!

TRAINING AND EDUCATION • Knowledge & skills for safe performance • Additional training when – Job duties change – Change in program – New hazard identified – Employee’s job performance is deficient • Emergency training (CPR and first aid) • Certificate of training issued

NAZLAT IMARA, EGYPT • The Domino Effect – One worker gets in trouble – The next worker goes to help – A third worker goes to help. . .

"Get your facts first, and then you can distort them as much as you please. " -- Mark Twain