Conditions in Europe l l l l Catholic

Conditions in Europe l l l l Catholic Church and Absolute Monarchs: two most powerful institutions in Europe AM: Censorship, illegal arrests, torture, murder. CC: Excommunication Crusades -> Renaissance Trade and cultural diffusion Group more important than the individual before the Renaissance-> leads to individualism/Humanism Church source for all scientific information/ Bible

The Scientific Revolution l. A new way of thinking about the world develops based on observation and willingness to question assumptions l Began to question Greco-Roman and Church teachings concerning the universe l 1500 – 1800 Age of Reason l Use of scientific method and human intellect.

Galileo put on trial l Heavens are no longer seen as spiritual/ the heavens are made of matter. l Humans were not the center of the universe and God was not in a fixed place.

Discoveries l l l l Copernicus: Heliocentric theory challenges geocentric theory Galileo develop a telescope proved Heliocentric theory Isaac Newton: gravity/used mathematics Development of scientific method 7 steps Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon: experimentation Descartes: human reasoning “I think therefore I am”

Other Scientific Advances l Robert Boyle: elements and other chemical compounds l Andreas Vesalius: human anatomy l Ambroise Pare: stitching of wounds/ointments for preventing infection l William Harvey: Blood circulation l Anthony von Leeuvenhoek: microscope

Francis Bacon and the Scientific Method The scientific method l Observation and experimentation l Testable hypothesis l Sir Francis Bacon

Science and the Enlightenment l Use of reason l natural laws governing human behavior l Apply the scientific method to solving the problems of society l The Enlightenment rejected traditional ideas and supported a belief in human reason

The Philosophes Advocate Reason l Philosophes French name for philosophers l Centered in Paris/salons /Denis Diderot’s “The Encylopedia” l Reached its height in the mid 1700 s l Five Important Philosophical Concepts: – Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, Liberty

Enlightenment Principles Religion, tradition, and superstition limited independent thought • Accept knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason, not on faith • Scientific and academic thought should be secular • A meeting of French Enlightenment thinkers

What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18 th century that led to a whole new world view. New theories about government, philosophy, economics and religion.

The Scientific Revolution The Enlightenment grew largely out of the new methods and discoveries achieved in the Scientific Revolution The equatorial armillary, used for navigation on ships

Thomas Hobbes l l l Wrote the Leviathan Lived during the English Civil War People are cruel greedy and selfish if not strictly controlled they would fight, rob and oppose each other The state of nature is cruel Enter into a Social Contract with the government to provide protection/ give up some rights/ need a strong gov’t/absolute monarchy

Thomas Hobbes (1588– 1679) Applied rational analysis to the study of government • Attacked the concept of divine right, yet supported a strong monarchy • Believed that humans were basically driven by passions and needed to be kept in check by a powerful ruler •

John Locke l l l l Two Treatises of Government More optimistic view of human nature/lived during the Glorious revolution All people had natural or unalienable rights The rights of life, liberty and property Gov’t’s power should be limited Should protect natural rights/ if not had a right to rebel Influenced the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution

The Marquis de Condorcet French mathematician l Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Spirit l

Condorcet (continued) Universal education l Progress and “perfectibility” l

Voltaire (1694– 1778) • l l • • • Most famous philosophe Francois Marie Arouet 70 books Used satire against his opponents Wrote plays, essays, poetry, philosophy, and books Attacked the “relics” of the medieval social order Championed social, political, and religious tolerance “ I do not agree with a word you say but I will defend to the death your right to say it” His ideas found In the US Constitution except the abolition of slavery.

Voltaire l Francois l 70 Marie Arouet books l Used satire against his opponents l Freedom of speech, freedom of religion, toleration, use of reason l I do not agree with a word you say but I will defend to the death your right to say it

The Encyclopédie Major achievement of the philosophes • Begun in 1745; completed in 1765 • Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert • Banned by the Catholic Church • Frontspiece to the Encyclopédie

Separation of Powers l l l l Baron de Montesquieu 1748 The Spirit of the Laws Three branches of gov’t Legislative, judicial, and executive branches System of checks and balances/each branch will keep the other from getting too powerful US Constitution Separation of powers would prevent tyranny “Power Should be a check to Power”

Jean Jacques Rousseau l l l “Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains” Civilization corrupted man’s natural goodness/‘The Noble Savage’ ‘General will’ of society/direct democracy Wrote the “Social Contract” Contract among individuals to form a gov’t

Cesare Bonesana Beccaria l Abolishment of torture l “On Crime and Punishment” l Abolish capital punishment

Mary Wollstonecraft • • l l l Declaration of the Rights of Man A Vindication of the Rights of Women writers argued for more education for women and for women’s equality in marriage. Wealthy women spread Enlightenment ideas through salons. Right to education, careers as doctors, participation in politics.

Olympe De Gouges Criticized the French Revolution • The Rights of Women • “Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen” • Executed in 1793 •

The French Salon and the Philosophes • Madame de Pompadour • Salons: gatherings for aristocrats to discuss new theories and ideas • Philosophes: French Enlightenment thinkers who attended the salons Madame de Pompadour

The Enlightenment and the American Revolution Influence of Locke, Montesquieu • The Declaration of Independence • Thomas Jefferson

The U. S. Constitution Separation of powers • Checks and balances • Bill of Rights • Painting depicting the Constitutional Convention

The Enlightenment and the French Revolution The American Revolution • The Estates General • The Marquis de Lafayette

The Declaration of the Rights of Man Adopted by National Assembly in 1789 • “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité” •

Impact of the Enlightenment l People have confidence that human reason can solve social problems l A more secular outlook emerges as scientific thinking replaces superstition, fear and intolerance l The individual becomes more important as people use their own ability to reason and judge

Impact of the Enlightenment l Influenced the American, French , and Latin American Revolutions. l Influenced the writing of the Declaration of Independence, the US Constitution, and The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Physiocrats l l l Laissez Faire Economics Adam Smith How can social order and human progress be possible in a society where people follow their own interests? Smith Argued that people’s personal interests lead to progress and order To make money, people make things that other people want to buy(supply) People spend money for things they want most (demand)

Adam Smith l Lassiez Faire Economics l Pure capitalism l Invisible hand /natural laws l No government intervention in the economy l Natural laws of Economics – Supply and demand – competition

Capitalism Accumulation of wealth by individuals Lassiez Faire economics: no government intervention in the economy. l The government does not control or restrict the economy. It only protects. l Invisible hand or natural laws of economics. l Natural law of Economics l l – 1. Competition – 2. Private Property and profit – 3. Supply and demand

“Enlightened Monarchs” Most of Europe ruled by absolute monarchs l Receptive to Enlightenment ideas l Instituted new laws and practices l Enlightened Monarchs • Frederick II, Prussia • Catherine the Great, Russia • Maria Theresa, Austria • Joseph II, Holy Roman Empire • Gustav III, Sweden • Napoleon I, France

Enlightened Despots Some monarchs accepted Enlightenment ideas. They were known as Enlightened Despots. l Maria Theresa of Austria: improved the tax system/ Tax the clergy and the nobles/ made primary education available in her kingdom. l Joseph II: practiced religious toleration, ended censorship and abolished serfdom. l Catherine the Great: asked the nobles for advice, freed some of the peasants, built schools, and hospitals. Practiced religious toleration and promoted education for women. l

Art and Literature l Rise of the novels l Beethoven, Hayden, Mozart

According to the 18 thcentury philosopher Immanuel Kant, the “motto” of the Enlightenment was “Sapere aude! Have courage to use your own intelligence!” (Kant, “What Is Enlightenment? ” 1784) Immanuel Kant