Conception about a literary process objective laws of

Conception about a literary process objective laws of literary development

Literature • Literature is a kind of arts that re-create imaginative, sensitive, subjective picture of the world. It is reflection of life with the help of words; it is an artistic method of comprehension of a man and the surrounding reality, it is the art of written and oral word, including folklore, in other words it is the complex of different kinds and forms of verbal creation, existing in the oral form and created by collective of authors, this is an art of a sounding word.

FOLKLORE The particularities of oral verbal creation, folklore are • collective form of creation, spreading, and the oral form of existence, the variety of variants of one text, traditional set of artistic devices, the orientation on one common human ideal, the original character of performance, transference of folklore from one generation in another.

Written literature • Due to appearance of written form, literature turned from oral form to written. Artistic literature appeared on the base of mythology and oral poetic folklore. • From syncretic art of song –dance ritual appeared rhythmic musical syncretism with gradual development in it the elements of words, text, psychological and rhythmical foundations of stylistics, in the base of which is choric action that was included to ritual. The songs of lyric – epic nature are the first natural allocation from chorus and ritual connection.

Literature as an art repository • Being the means of the whole, subjective understanding of reality, literature stores, saves and transfers from one generation to another aesthetical, moral, psychological, religious, philosophical and social values.

Literature as a dynamic system • Literature represents the dynamic system of literary types (epos, lyrics and drama), genres, motives, plots, images, poetic and prosaic forms, imaginative means of language (an artistic speech), methods of composition that are forming during thousand, thousands years. • There are the kinds of written works that are close to artistic literature – memoir, epistle, documentary literature. There are oral literary forms that are close to imaginative literature, oral personal poetry of zhirau and akins of Kazakh people. There are literary works existing on the boundaries of folklore and literature – marginal literature (“Ramayana”, “Iliad”, “Song of Roland”, “Calevala”). The creations of outstanding writers outline the most important phases of world and national culture and literature.

literary process • Historical development and functioning of world literature in general and national literatures in particularity, their connection, interrelation and interchange of traditions name as a literary process.

Comparative literary study • National literature in its development passes the same stages. The comparative Literary Study is engaged in historical typology of world literary process and inter-literary connections.

Stagesepochsperiods • Through a dominating way of public art thinking and dominating esthetic ideal it is possible to allocate mythological, authoritative, humanistic, enlightenmental, specific historical, decadent, neo-mythological stages of world literary process; • it is possible to allocate cultural-historical and literary-style epochs of the Renaissance, baroque, Enlightenment, rococo, empire; it is possible to define periods in literary movements, trends, genre - style particularities, literary groups. Periodization is an external and relative division of time of a process into its certain periods - years, decades, centuries, and millennia - stages, formations, epochs, eras, stages, and the periods.

The World Literary Process • Beginning with the period of Enlightenment, the world literary process was submitted to the collisions and changes of literary trends. • The world literary process is differentiated, by other words is divided on national literatures, literatures of cultural – historical epochs, historical communities and other parts, stages, levels, and at the same time it is a set of special parts, levels, sub-systems, and their integration. Differentiated literature (дифференцированная лит-ра) is a developed national literature with divided poetry and prose, with multi- genres system of literary phenomena, that passes multi - phase way of historical development.

The world literature • is the set of national literatures, literature of the peoples of the world, masterpieces of national literature, synthesis of outstanding achievements of the world literature, the sum of interrelated or analogical for all national literary works, the system of contact –genetic and typologically connected literary phenomena in an artistic – aesthetic unity of the picture of the world.

Dynamics of a literary process • The content of world literature conception is modifying and changing in accordance from the stage of world culture, from the definite phase of the world literary process, that whole picture of the world, that in every cultural – historical epoch was reflected in literature and art with the help of the dominant way of artistic thinking and aesthetical ideal of epoch.

literary interactions • In a literary process there are various (contact, genetic, typological) types of connections between literary phenomena and other types of art, that are expressed in the form of reception that is named as literary interactions. In the result of contact-typological inter-literary connections, their interactions and interpenetrations – that is the process of mutual perception and convergence of literary phenomena of various types of literature and literary works there is mutual enrichment of literatures.

received literature receptive literature • In this process there is the received literature (принимаемая литература) – the subject of interliterary interactions, dependent from electiveness of the receptive literature (воспринимающей литературы). In the modern comparative literary study the understanding of the term is contradict to theory of old comparative study about ‘hegemony’ of the more developed received literatures and ‘dependence’ of the less differentiated receptive literatures. The receptive literature – is a subject of inter-literary communication that plays an important role in the literary interrelations.

tradition or cultural memory • The sum of knowledge, apprehension and values transmitted through the time from ethnos to ethnos inside of civilized cultural wholeness, names tradition or cultural memory. There is a transmition (the word ‘tradition’ in Latin means ‘transmition’), successive connection between old and new phenomena of life and literature; cognitive orientation on the artistic values of the past. The elements of cultural inheritance that is transmitted from a generation to generation, have been saved long time as usual.

tradition The tradition may appear as a) a repetition and variation of artistic achievements of the past till the full identification (mainly the formal representation of structural elements of cultural inheritance); b) as a creative, elective re-work of previous artistic experience, its enrichment and development, ‘…the search of alive things in the old material, its continuation but it is not its mechanical imitation of dead material”. (D. S. Likchachov). As a tradition there are definite social prescriptions, norms of behavior, values, ideas, customs and rituals. In art and literature a tradition is an experience, that preserves for the modern times the significance of an art pattern and that is facilitate the continuity of its progressive development.

Innovation • is the drastic reconstruction or the principal break of tradition, renewal of content (ideas, themes, problems, pathos) and form (system of images, descriptive - expressive means); the discovery of a new way in literature. Innovation may also suggest the change of understanding of the boundaries and possibilities of art. The development of literature is going in interrelation of innovations and traditions.

The stages of literary development • Antique (ancient) literature is the early mythological – authoritarian stages of historical development. But in ancient poetry there is appearance of spontaneous – humanistic motives. Mythological authoritarian antique stage of literature development was changed by state and religious –orientated literature of the Middle Ages, and then there was the development of humanistic literature of the late Middle Age, Renaissance.

The ancient world • Art and culture of the ancient world peoples (as usual Hellenistic states) distinguishes by the common ideal of beauty and practicability (utility), common ideals, themes, motives and artistic forms. Antique art formed the ancient artistic tradition that had a big influence on the formation and development of future art.

Renaissance • is epoch in ideological and cultural development of some European and East countries. The main distinguished features of Renaissance culture are: • secular character, humanistic world views, appeal to antique classical cultural inheritance, it is some kind of re-birth. • The culture of Renaissance has specific particularities of transitional epoch from the Middle Ages to the New Time where the old and new features intertwining formed the new style. The important significance of epoch most vividly appeared in architecture and education, art and literature. For the humanists there were common features that are – longing for realistic understanding of the world and man, faith in creative possibilities and the power of Reason, assertion of beauty and harmony of reality, appeal to the man as the highest creature of the world, the understating about the strict laws of world creation.

Baroque (from the Portugal baroca - a pearl of improper form ) – is a cultural historical epoch, the main style of epoch, the set of stylish trends of transitional period between Renaissance and Enlightenment, that was an epoch of counter- Reformation. Baroque is the synthesis of two cultures, the crisis of feudalism and the beginning of capitalism, Renaissance and Enlightenment. Art and literature of that period was built on the example of oxymoron that connected something that was impossible to connect. • In Baroque there is mixture of sensuality and spiritualism, ascetics and hedonism, symbolic and concrete, simple and complicated features. Baroque longed to sensual and tense intellectualism, sudden and amazing imagination combination of ideas, images and representations. Exaltation, affection, refinement, demonism are the features of this style. As well as dynamics, picturesqueness, decoration, ornamentalism, theatricality, passion to extraordinary details, comparisons, metaphors, hyperbolas. Literature of Baroque was distinguished by passion to encyclopedic intellect, by absorption of non-literary material, mostly by amazing rarity and exotic features, appeals to various non-European traditions, acknowledging and re-working its artistic devices and synthesizing the historical particularities of national styles. •

The Enlightenment • is cultural historical epoch, that follows the Renaissance, the social historical way of ideological and artistic thinking of XVIII-XIX centuries, based on the idea of the drastic role of Reason in science in understanding of ‘natural order’, that is coincide with real nature of a man and society. • Ignorance, obscurantism, religious fanaticism were considered as the reasons of human disasters; enlighteners were against feudal – absolutist regime, they wanted political freedom, civil equality. The main representatives of enlightenment are John Lock, Voltaire, Collins, Russo, Didro, Helvetia, Lessing, Gete, Jefferson, Franklin, Radizhev. • The ideas of Enlightenment were influential for the development of social thinking. At the same time, in XIX- XX centuries the ideology of Enlightenment was attacked with critique for idealization of human nature, optimistic understanding of progress as stable development of society on the base of enhancement of human mind. In wide sense, enlighteners were called for the outstanding spreading of scientific knowledge enlighten by their aesthetical ideals.

Realism of the XIX - XXcc • is historical definite form of artistic cognition of the New Time that began from the Renaissance or from Enlightenment, from the 30 -s of XIX century. The leading features of Realism are objective reflection of existing sides of human life in the combination with the high author’s ideals, reproduction of typical characters, conflicts, situations with the full artistic individualization ( i. e. the definition of national, historical and social features, physical as well as intellectual and spiritual), preference in the ways of description of the real life situations, but at the same time with the usage, especially in XX century, conditional forms (myth, symbol, parable, grotesque); prevailing interest to the problem of man and society (especially to the contradiction of social regularities and moral ideals, private and mass, mythological consciousness). • Among the great representatives of Realism are Stendhal, Balzac, Dickens, Flober, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Mann, Chekhov, Faulkner, Solzhenizin, Repin, Surikov, Mussorgsky and Stanislavski.