Computer Organization and Architecture AT 70 01 Comp

Computer Organization and Architecture (AT 70. 01) Comp. Sc. and Inf. Mgmt. Asian Institute of Technology Instructor: Dr. Sumanta Guha Slide Sources: Patterson & Hennessy COD book website (copyright Morgan Kaufmann) adapted and supplemented

COD Ch. 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology

Introduction n Rapidly changing field: n vacuum tube -> transistor -> IC -> VLSI n doubling every 1. 5 years: n n memory capacity processor speed (due to advances in technology and hardware organization) cute example: if Boeing had kept up with IBM we could fly from Bangkok to HCM City in 10 minutes for 5 baht (2000 dong) !! Things we’ll be learning: n n n how computers work, what’s a good design, what’s not how to make them – yes, we will actually build working computers!! issues affecting modern processors (e. g. , caches, pipelines)

The Five Classic Components of a Computer n n n Input (mouse, keyboard, …) Output (display, printer, …) Memory main (DRAM), cache (SRAM) n secondary (disk, CD, DVD, …) Processor Datapath Processor (CPU) Input n n n Control Datapath Output Memory 10010110000 00101010001 111101100110 1001010010110000

Our Primary Focus n The processor (CPU)… n n n datapath control …implemented using millions of transistors …impossible to understand by looking at individual transistors we need. . .

Abstraction n Delving into the depths reveals more information, but… An abstraction omits “unneeded” detail, helps us cope with complexity From the figure on the right, how does abstraction help the programmer and how does she avoid too much detail?

The Instruction Set: a Critical Interface software instruction set hardware

Instruction Set Architecture n A very important abstraction: n interface between hardware and low-level software n standardizes instructions, machine language bit patterns, etc. n advantage: allows different implementations of the same architecture n n disadvantage: sometimes prevents adding new innovations Modern instruction set architectures: n 80 x 86/Pentium/K 6, Power. PC, DEC Alpha, MIPS, SPARC, HP

What is Computer Architecture? Easy Answer Computer Architecture = Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization

What is Computer Architecture? Better (More Detailed) Answer Application Operating System Compiler Firmware Instars. Set Proc. system I/O Datapath & Control Digital Design Circuit Design Layout Instruction Set Architecture

Forces on Computer Architecture Technology Programming Languages Applications Computer Architecture Operating Systems History