Computer Hardware How to Choose a Multimedia Computer

Computer Hardware How to Choose a Multimedia Computer Plymouth State University

ENIAC - The First Electronic Digital Computer Plymouth State University

The Four Functions of a Computer DATA INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT INFORMATION STORAGE Plymouth State University

The System Unit Hard Drives or CD-ROM Drives Power Supply System Board Floppy Drive Expansion Card Plymouth State University

Directions of Computer Development • Miniaturization – Transistors – Integrated circuits • Solid state • Semiconductor • Chip Plymouth State University

Integrated Circuit • IC, or "chip" • Made from Silicon • Includes Transistors, Resistors & Capacitors Plymouth State University

Steps in Manufacture of a Microchip 1 Make large drawing. Reduce drawing hundreds of times to microscopic size. 2 Duplicate reduced photo many times on sheet. Plymouth State University

Etched Silicon Wafer Plymouth State University

Future Developments in Processing & Storage • Moore’s Law – Gordon Moore predicted the number of transistors on a silicon chip will double every 18 months – It has held up since the 1960 s! Plymouth State University

The System Unit: The Basics • The CPU – Older CPUs processing speeds are in Mega. Hertz • 1 MHz = 1 Million ticks per second – Current CPUs processing speeds are in Giga. Hertz • 1 GHz = 1 Billion ticks per second – The faster a CPU runs, the more power it consumes, and the more heat it generates Plymouth State University

Secondary Storage, Primary Storage and the CPU Secondary Storage (Disk) CPU Load Main Memory (RAM) Plymouth State University Execute

How Memory Works: RAM, ROM, & Flash • Types of memory chips: 1. RAM - Random Access Memory, used to temporarily hold software instructions and data 2. ROM 3. Flash Plymouth State University

How Memory Works: RAM, ROM, & Flash • Types of memory chips: 1. RAM 2. ROM - Read-Only Memory, which cannot be written on or erased by the computer user. Contains fixed start-up instructions 3. Flash Plymouth State University

How Memory Works: RAM, ROM, CMOS, & Flash • Types of memory chips: 1. RAM 2. ROM 3. Flash - can be erased and reprogrammed more than once Plymouth State University

Bits & Bytes • • • Kilobyte Megabyte Gigabyte Terabyte Petabyte Plymouth State University

Binary Coding Schemes • ASCII • EBCDIC • Unicode Plymouth State University

Microchips • • • Microprocessors Memory Logic Communications Graphics Plymouth State University

Central Processing Unit n n n Control Unit Arithmetic/Logic Unit Registers Plymouth State University

CPU CU ALU Registers Plymouth State University

Control Unit n. Controls step-by-step operation of computer Plymouth State University

Arithmetic/Logic Unit n. Arithmetic n n 2+4=6 10 - 6 = 4 n. Logic n n n 9>6 3<7 5=5 Plymouth State University

Registers • Temporary storage locations within the CPU Plymouth State University

CPU Operation n. Machine Cycle n. Time it takes to process one machine instruction n. Two parts: • Fetch Cycle - Get instruction, decode it, set up • Execution Cycle - Carry out the instruction Plymouth State University

CPU TOTAL = 13 + 12 CU ALU Registers Plymouth State University

TOTAL = 13 + 12 CPU ADD CU Plymouth State University ALU

CPU TOTAL = 13 + 12 ADD CU ALU 13 Plymouth State University

TOTAL = 13 + 12 CPU ADD CU ALU 13 12 Plymouth State University

CPU TOTAL = 13 + 12 CU ADD ALU 13 12 25 Plymouth State University

CPU TOTAL = 13 + 12 CU STORE Main Memory TOTAL 25 13 12 25 Plymouth State University ALU

Two Types of Storage • PRIMARY Storage - Main memory or RAM • SECONDARY Storage - Auxiliary Storage (disks, Flash etc. ) Plymouth State University

Disk Drives Drive A: “Floppy” DRIVE Drive C: Hard Drive (Internal) Plymouth State University

Secondary Storage Devices Hard Disks • Nonremovable disks – Known as a fixed disk – Capacity up to 1 terabyte + – Consists of 4 - 3. 5 inch metallic platters Plymouth State University

Hard Disk Drive Plymouth State University

Magnetic Disk Uses Direct Access 1 5 6 3 2 4 7 Plymouth State University

Magnetic Disk Storage Rotational Delay Seek Time Plymouth State University

Disk Heads Read/Write Head Hair Dust Magnetic Disk Surface Plymouth State University

Head Crash Read/Write Head Disk Surface Plymouth State University

Compact Disk (CD) Plymouth State University

Secondary Storage Devices Optical Disks • CD – compact disk – – about 700 megabytes CD-ROM CD-RW Plymouth State University

Secondary Storage Devices Optical Disks • DVD – digital video disk – 4. 7 – 17 gigabytes – DVD-ROM – read-only – DVD-R – rewritable one time – Reusable types • DVD-RW • DVD-RAM Plymouth State University

Flash Memory Flash memory is nonvolatile Plymouth State University

Input and Output n INPUT - We provide the DATA to be processed n OUTPUT - We use the INFORMATION produced Plymouth State University

Input & Output Hardware Ø Input hardware ØTranslates words, numbers, sounds, and pictures into numbers Ø Output hardware ØTranslates numbers back into words, numbers, sounds, and pictures Plymouth State University

Some Input Devices • Keyboards • Pointing devices • • Mouse Trackball • Touch screen • Pen input • Source data-entry devices • • • Scanner Text (OCR) Voice Video MICR FAX Plymouth State University

Input Hardware • Keyboards: convert letters, numbers, and characters into electrical signals – English keyboards differ from foreign language keyboards German Keyboard Plymouth State University

Input Hardware Webcams and Video-input Cards • Webcams – Video cameras attached to a computer to record live moving images then post them to a website in real time – Require special software, usually included with the camera Plymouth State University

Input Hardware Camera Phones • Digital cameras are now on cell phones – Convenience of being able to take photos, then instantly email or message them to someone else Plymouth State University

Touch Screen Plymouth State University

Input Hardware Source Data-Entry Devices • Scanning devices – imaging systems • Scanning devices – bar code readers – Magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR) – Optical-mark recognition (OMR) – Optical character recognition (OCR) • Scanning devices – fax machines Plymouth State University

Check Processing 9999999 12345687 Plymouth State University

Source Data-Entry Device Plymouth State University

Bar Code Plymouth State University

Smart Cards Similar to credit cards Contain a microprocessor Plymouth State University

Digital Camera Plymouth State University

GPS Plymouth State University

Biometrics • Fingerprints • Retina Scanning • Face Recognition Plymouth State University

Output Hardware • Softcopy – Data that is shown on a display screen or is in audio or voice form; exists electronically – Output that is ephemeral in nature • Hardcopy – Printed and film output – Output that is more permanent in nature Plymouth State University

Display Screens Plymouth State University

Resolution. . . . Resolution = TOTAL PIXELS = # dots across by # dots down Example: 1024 X 768 Plymouth State University

Types of Terminals • Dumb Terminals • Intelligent Terminals Plymouth State University

Specialized Terminals n ATM’s n POS’s Plymouth State University

MIDI Music Plymouth State University

Output Hardware: Hardcopy Devices • Impact printers – Dot-matrix • Nonimpact printers – Laser – Ink-jet Plymouth State University

Other Types of Output • • • Projectors COM Machine Control Voice House Control Center Plymouth State University

Machine Control Plymouth State University

Health Matters • Repetitive stress injuries – Carpal tunnel syndrome • • Eyestrain & headaches Back & neck pains Electromagnetic fields Noise Plymouth State University

Ergonomics • Fitting the job environment to the worker • Purpose – make working conditions and equipment safer and more efficient Plymouth State University

Ergonomic Considerations • • • Chair Keyboard Height Wrist Rest Monitor Height Lighting Noise Plymouth State University

Ergonomic Keyboard Plymouth State University

Ergonomics • Eye strain • Radiation • Glare Plymouth State University

Ethics • Theft • Counterfeiting Plymouth State University

Craig’s List 72 Web Expressions