Computer Components Computer Components Hardware

Computer Components

Computer Components § § Hardware Software Database systems Emerging technologies

Hardware

Hardware § Any machinery that assists in the input, processing, storage, and output activities of an information system § When making hardware decisions, businesses must consider how the hardware can support § Objectives of the information system § Goals of the organization

Computer Hardware § § § Processor Memory Secondary storage Input/Output device Networking

Computer Hardware (Contd. ) Source: Reynolds, 200 x, Management Information Systems, 6 th Edition, Course Technology

Moore’s Law § Transistor densities on a single chip double every two years § In 2009, the size of transistor is 11 nm. ; A single chip contains 4 billion transistors § In 2029, the size of transistor would likely to be 1 nm; A single chip would contain 4, 096 transistors

Year 2029?

MS Windows System Requirement 3. 0 95 98 XP Vista 7 Year 1990 1995 1998 2001 2006 2010 CPU 6 MHz 16 MHz 50 MHz 233 MHz 1 GHz Memory 640 KB 4 MB 16 MB 64 MB 1 GB 512 MB Storage 6 -7 MB 35 -55 MB 120 -355 MB 1. 5 GB 15 GB 20 GB Video Card CGA, EGA, VGA, SVGA SVGA OS MS Dos 3. 1 - - - PC Price N/A $1, 926 $1, 619 $1, 163 $801 $300 Laptop Price N/A $2, 819 $2, 395 $1, 876 $1, 256 $600

Processor § Also called Central Processing Unit (CPU) § An electronic circuit that can execute computer programs § Often measured in: § Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second § Gigahertz (GHz): billions of cycles per second

Memory § Main memory § Located physically close to the CPU, but not on the CPU chip itself § Rapidly provides data and instructions to the CPU § Storage Capacity § Eight bits together form a byte (B)

Memory (Contd. ) § Random access memory (RAM) § Temporary and volatile § Types of RAM § Dynamic RAM (DRAM) § Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM (DDR SDRAM) § Static RAM (SRAM)

Memory (Contd. ) § Read-only memory (ROM) § Nonvolatile § Provides permanent storage for data and instructions that do not change § Store Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) § Cache memory § High-speed memory that a processor can access more rapidly than main memory

Secondary Storage § Compared with memory, offers the advantages of nonvolatility, greater capacity, and greater economy § On a cost-per-megabyte basis § Most forms of secondary storage are considerably less expensive than primary memory § Storage media that allow faster access § Generally more expensive than slower media

Secondary Storage (Contd. ) § § § Magnetic tapes Magnetic disks RAID Virtual tape Optical disks

Secondary Storage (Contd. ) § Solid state drive

Secondary Storage (Contd. ) § RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks) § RAID 0 (Striped disks) § Distributing data across several disks to improve speed § RAID 1 (Mirror disks) § Mirroring data § RAID 10 or RAID 1+0 § Strip + Mirror

Secondary Storage (Contd. ) § RAID 5 (Striped disks with parity) § Combining 3+ disks to protect against the loss of one disk § RAID 6 (Striped disks with dual parity) § Combining 4+ disks to protect against the loss of two disk

Secondary Storage (Contd. ) § Enterprise storage options § Direct-attached storage (DAS) § Network-attached storage (NAS) § Storage area network (SAN)

Secondary Storage (Contd. ) NAS SAN Wires TCP/IP Networks, Ethernet, FDDI, ATM Fiber channel Protocols TCP/IP, NFS/CIFS/HTTP Encapsulated SCSI Compatibility Any machine that can connect to LAN Server class devices with SCSI FS Mgmt. FS is managed by NAS head unit FS is managed by servers Usability Easier to understand manage Harder to understand manage (Fiber channel, hardware issues, etc. ) Tape Backup Harder and slower Easier and faster (image backup) Upper limit Lower Higher Costs Cheaper (Existing equipments) More expensive (Fiber channel)

Input Devices § Personal computer input devices § Keyboard § Mouse § § § Speech-recognition technology Digital cameras Terminals Scanning devices Optical data readers Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices

Input Devices (Contd. ) § § § § Magnetic stripe card Point-of-sale devices Automated teller machine (ATM) devices Pen input devices Touch-sensitive screens Bar-code scanners Radio frequency identification (RFID) Quick Response (QR) Code scanners

Output Devices § § § Display monitors Plasma displays Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) Organic light-emitting diodes Printers and plotters Digital audio player

Quick Assignment #1

Quick Assignment #1 § 15 minutes § Form two groups of 4 -5 people § Quote for cost of a laptop (hardware only) which can run SAP Business By. Design client efficiently § Strive for the lowest cost!

SAP System Requirements § Source: § http: //www. sap. com/solutions/technology/cloud/business-bydesign/implement/requirements. epx § Recommended System § CPU: Intel Core 2 Duo (2. 4 GHz) § Memory: 2 GB

Sample System § ACER Aspire 4752 G-52454 G 75 Mncc § § § CPU: Intel Core i 5 -2450 M (2. 50 GHz) Memory: 4 GB DDR 3 HDD: 750 GB Monitor: 14” Price: 21, 900 THB Source: http: //www. chichang. com

Software

Types of Software § System software § Application software

Types of Software (Contd. ) § System software § Controls operations of computer hardware § Supports application programs’ problem-solving capabilities § Examples § Operating systems § Utility programs § Middleware

Types of Software (Contd. ) § Application software § Interact with systems software § Help performing common tasks, such as: § Creating and formatting text documents § Performing calculations § Managing information § Examples § § Word processing & spreadsheet Database Email Etc

System Software: Operating Systems § Set of programs that controls computer hardware and acts as an interface with application programs § Tasks performed by OS § § § Common computer hardware functions User interface and input/output management Task processing and management System memory and resource management File management Networking

System Software: Operating Systems (Contd. )

System Software: Operating Systems (Contd. ) Personal Workgroup Enterprise Windows 8, Windows Mobile Windows Server 2012 Mac OS X, i. OS 6 Mac OS X Server UNIX Solaris Linux, Meego Linux Chrome OS, Android OS IBM i 7. 1/OS and IBM z/OS HP-UX 11 i v 3

System Software: Operating Systems: Market Share 2012 Source: http: //netmarketshare. com (February 2012)

System Software: Operating Systems: Market Share 2012: Mobile Source: International Data Corporation (June 2012)

System Software: Operating Systems: Trends: Mobile Source: 25 labs. com (September, 2011)

System Software: Utility Programs § § § § Hardware utilities Security Utilities File-compression utilities Spam and pop-up blocker utilities Network and Internet utilities Server and mainframe utilities Other utilities § § Manages and protects corporate documents Helps people with visual disabilities use the Internet Monitors employees Searches for files and documents

System Software: Middleware § Software that allows different systems to communicate and exchange data § Can also be used as an interface between the Internet and older legacy systems

Application Software § Mode of application software § Proprietary software § Off-the-shelf software

Application Software: Modes § Proprietary software § One-of-a-kind program for a specific application, usually developed and owned by a single company § Off-the-shelf software § Generally software, that are ready-made and available for sale, lease, or license to the general public

Application Software: Types § Types of application software § Personal application software § Workgroup application software § Enterprise application software

Application Software: Personal § Personal Application Software § § § § Word processing Spreadsheet analysis Presentation software Database applications Graphics program Personal information managers Software suites and integrated software packages Other personal application software

Application Software: Workgroup § Workgroup Application Software § Support teamwork, whether people are in the same location or dispersed around the world § Groupware § Software that helps groups of people work together more efficiently and effectively § Example § § § Online chat Instant messaging Telephony Videoconferencing Application sharing

Application Software: Enterprise § Enterprise Application Software § Software that benefits an entire organization § Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software § Set of integrated programs that manage a company’s vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization § Example § § § SAP R/3 Maximo (MRO) Oracle e-Business Suite QAD Enterprise Applications Visual Enterprise

Programming Language § Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements § By which humans can communicate instructions to be executed by a computer § Program code § Set of instructions that signal the CPU to perform circuitswitching operations § Syntax § Set of rules associated with a programming language

History of Programming Languages

The Evolution of Programming Languages Generation Language Development Date Sample of Statement or Action First Machine language 1940 s 00101001 Second Assembly language 1950 s ADDCC %R 1, %R 2, %R 4 Third High-level language 1960 s READ GRADE Fourth Query and database languages 1970 s SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE GRADE = F Beyond Fourth Natural and intelligent languages 1980 s IF score is lower than 80, THEN assign grade F

Copyrights and Licenses § Most software products are protected by law using copyright or licensing provisions § In some cases, you are given unlimited use of software on one or two computers § In other cases, you pay for your usage - if you use the software more, you pay more § Some software now requires that you register or activate it before it can be fully used § or cracked?

Open-Source Software § Software freely available to anyone in a form that can be easily modified § More reliable and secure than commercial software § Can contain hidden costs, particularly for user support or solving problems with the software

Open-Source Licenses § § § GPL (GNU General Public License) LGPL (GNU Lesser General Public License) BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) Jabber W 3 C (World Wide Web Consortium) Others § Apple Public § Artistic 2. 0 § Common Public § MIT (X 11) § MPL § Python § QPL § Sleepycat § Sun Public

Open-Source Licenses (Contd. ) GPL BSD Proprietary software linking Not allowed (since the linked software is considered a whole) Allowed Distribution of “the Work” Not allowed with software whose license is not GNU GPL compatible Allowed Redistribution of the code with changes Only if the derivative is GNU GPL Allowed Compatible with GNU GPL Yes Only the modified BSD license is compatible with GPL. The original BSD license is not compatible because it includes a weird advertising clause

Commercial VS Open-Source Software Commercial Open-Source Operating System MS Windows Linux Application Software MS Office Open Office Database Oracle My. SQL Internet Browser Internet Explorer Firefox Photo Editing Adobe Photoshop Gimp Project Management MS Project Openproj Personal Accounting Baan Grisbi E-mail MS Outlook Thunderbird

Database Systems

Database Management § Without data and the ability to process it an organization could not successfully complete most business activities § For data to be transformed into useful information, it must first be organized in a meaningful way

The Hierarchy of Data § Bit § Circuit that is either on or off § Byte § Eight bits = one byte § Character § Basic building block of information § Word § A combination of characters or bytes § Field § Name, number, or combination of characters that describes an aspect of a business object or activity

The Hierarchy of Data (Contd. ) § Record § Collection of related data fields § File § Collection of related records § Database § Collection of integrated and related files § Hierarchy of data § Bits, characters, fields, records, files, and databases

The Hierarchy of Data (Contd. )

Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys (Contd. )

Manipulating Data § Selecting § Eliminates rows according to criteria § Projecting § Eliminates columns in a table § Joining § Combines two or more tables § Linking § Combines two or more tables using common data attributes

Database Management Systems (DBMS) § Group of programs used as an interface between a database and application programs or a database and the user § Used to manage all kinds of data for all kinds of purposes

Database Management Systems (Contd. )

Selecting a Database Management System § Important characteristics of databases: § § § Database size Database cost Concurrent users Performance Integration Vendor

Comparisons of Popular Databases MS Access MS SQL Server Oracle My. SQL Postgre. SQL Maintainer Microsoft Oracle Corporation Sun Microsystems Postgre. SQL Glob. Dev. Grp. License Proprietary GPL BSD OS Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, UNIX Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, BSD, UNIX, Symbian Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, BSD, UNIX Interface GUI & SQL SQL SQL Max DB size 2 GB 524, 258 TB Unlimited Max table size 2 GB 524, 258 TB 4 GB * block size 2 GB (FAT 32) to 16 TB (Solaris) 32 TB Max columns per row 255 30, 000 1, 000 4, 096 250 -1, 600 (vary by type) Union/Intersect/E xcept Y/? /? Y/Y/Y Y/N/N Y/Y/Y

Telecommunication and Networking

Telecommunications in Business § Better business communication § e-mail, voice mail, instant messaging, faxing, file transfer, mobile telephony, and teleconferencing § Greater efficiency § Information delivery is immediate and not constrained by geographical distance § Better distribution of data § Central storage with both local and remote access § Yet, security in telecommunications is a challenge

Telecommunications in Daily Use § § § Cellular phones Videoconferencing Wireless payments and warehousing Peer-to-peer file sharing Web-empowered commerce

Telecommunications Channel Characteristics § Simplex channel § Transmits data in only one direction § Half-duplex channel § Transmits data in either direction, but not simultaneously § Full-duplex channel § Permits data transmission in both directions at the same time

Bandwidth § Speed at which data is communicated § Also called transmission rate or bit rate § Bits per second (bps) § Unit of measure for bandwidth § Baseband § Communications medium that can carry only one transmission at a time § Broadband § Communications medium that can carry multiple transmissions simultaneously

Bandwidth (Contd. )

Media § Several types of communications media § Tangible media includes: § Twisted pair cable § Coaxial cable § Optical fiber § Intangible media includes: § Microwave radio technologies

Comparison of Networking Media Medium Availability Bandwidth Vulnerability to Electromagnetic Interference Twisted pair High Low to medium High Radio waves High Medium to high Low (but vulnerable to radio frequency interference) Microwave Low High Low Coaxial cable High Low Optical fiber Moderate but growing Highest Nonexistent

Networking § A combination of devices (or nodes) connected through a communication media § Any compatible device that can transmit and receive on a network can be part of a network

Types of Networks § Computer networks are classified by reach and complexity § Basic types of networks § LANs, MANs, and WANs § Other types of networks § WLANs

Types of Networks (Contd. ) LAN WAN

Networking Hardware § Network interface card (NIC) § Connects a device to a hub, switch, bridge, or router, which connects to a LAN or WAN § Switch § A hub that sends communications only to designated devices on the network § Router § Routes data packets to the next node on the path to the final destination

Networking Software § Network operating system (NOS) § Systems software that controls the computer systems and devices on a network § Network management software § Protects software from being copied, modified, or downloaded illegally § Locate errors and potential network problems

TCP/IP § Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol § TCP ensures packets arrive accurately and in proper order § IP ensures efficient delivery of packets from node to node § DNS (Domain Name Service) § Associates a character-based name with an IP address

TCP/IP (Contd. ) § IP number § Unique numerical identification for a network device § Static IP address § A permanent address assigned to a device § Dynamic IP address § Temporary IP number assigned to a device for the duration of the connection § Provides flexibility when the number of IP addresses is limited

TCP/IP (Contd. ) § IPv 6 § Shorthand notation based on the Hex system § Example of an IPv 6 address in Hex shorthand notation: § FDDC: AC 10: 8132: BA 32: 4 F 12: 1070: DD 13: 6921

Wireless Protocols § IEEE 802. 11 § A family of wireless protocols known as Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) § Supports wireless communication within 100 meters of router § 802. 11 subtypes support various distances and speeds up to 248 Mbps

Wireless Protocols (Contd. ) Protocol Max Range Max Speed Main Use 802. 11 a 75 m 54 Mbps LAN 802. 11 b 100 m 11 Mbps LAN 802. 11 g 100 m 54 Mbps LAN 802. 11 n 160 m 248 Mbps LAN 802. 15 Bluetooth 10 m 1 Mbps PAN 802. 16 Wi. Max 50 km 100 Mbps MAN 802. 20 MBWA Global 4 Mbps Mobile voice, data, Internet

Generations in Mobile Communications § Networking professionals refer to generations of mobile communication technologies § First generation (1 G: 1980 s) § Analog § Second generation (2 G: 1991) § Used digital voice encoding § Third generation (3 G: 2001) § Increased speeds that support video, videoconferencing, Internet access § Fourth Generation (4 G: 2010) § Digital only, with packet switching and tighter security

Emerging Technologies

Parallel Computing § Parallel computing § Simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple processors to obtain results faster § Massively parallel processing § Systems with thousands of such processors § Grid computing § Use of a collection of computers to work in a coordinated manner to solve a common problem

Cloud Computing § Uses giant cluster of computers, that serves as a host, to run applications that require highperformance computing § Supports a wider variety of applications than grid computing § Pools computing resources so they can be managed primarily by software rather than people

Green Computing § The study and practice of using computing resources efficiently § To account for the triple bottom line § Triple bottom line § People, Planet, Profit § Social, Ecological, Economic success § Processes § Reduce the use of hazardous materials § Maximize energy efficiency § Promote recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and factory waste

Server Consolidation § An approach to the efficient usage of computer server resources in order to reduce the total number of servers or server locations that an organization requires

Augmented Reality § Enhancing personal perception by augmenting media onto reality.

Quick Assignment #2

Quick Assignment #2 § 15 minutes § Form two groups of 4 -5 people § Quote for cost of an office computer with an ERP package § Strive for the lowest cost!

Sample Software Product Price (Baht) Operating System Linux 0. 00 Word Processor Open Office 0. 00 PDF Reader Foxit Reader 0. 00 Graphic Editor Gimp 0. 00 Media Player VLC Media Player 0. 00 ERP Open Bravo 0. 00 Total Free!

Capstone Exercise