Composites use in the marine environment John Summerscales

Composites use in the marine environment John Summerscales

Marine renewable energy (MRE) • • • Offshore wind …………… Wave energy Tidal stream energy Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Salinity gradient Algal biomass

Marine renewable energy (MRE) • Wave energy EMEC identify 77 developers of potential devices six generic headings, – Attenuators …………………. . Pelamis: – point absorbers – oscillating wave surge converters – oscillating water columns …………. Limpet: – overtopping devices ……………. . Wave Dragon – submerged pressure differential devices classification does not cover all options

Marine renewable energy • tidal stream energy – horizontal axis rotor turbines – vertical axis rotor turbines – oscillating hydrofoils • images are – Open Hydro HART – Neptune Proteus VART – Stingray OH

Offshore oil structures Offshore. Applications 01 Composite Grids/Gratings 02 Hand Rails and Ladder Components 03 Aqueous Piping System 04 Water and fuel storage tanks and vessels 05 Low pressure composite valves 06 Spoolable type thermosetting tubes 07 Sump Caissons and pull tubes 08 Cable support systems 09 Modular paneling for partition walls 10 High pressure accumulator bottles 11 Flexible and Floating Risers, Drill pipe 12 Sub–sea structural components 13 Boxes, housings and shelters 14 Fire water and sea water lift pump-casings 15 Tendons 16 Offshore bride connecting between platforms 17 Fire and Blast protection Offshore oil exploration and exploitation grids and gratings handrails ladders caissons pipes

Submarines and submersibles • American nuclear submarine SSN 711 "San Francisco“ hit an uncharted seamount on 7 January 2005. • LR 5 submersible used in the Kursk submarine rescue attempt has an advanced composite pressure hull

Ocean. Gate Cyclops (2013) • • • five-person next-generation manned submersible 178 mm thick carbon fiber hull manufactured by automated fiber placement (AFP) depths to 3000 metres (9800 feet) 180° borosilicate glass dome.

Lifeboats Inshore IB 1 Atlantic 21 Atlantic 75 Mersey Trent Tamar Arun Severn 2003 1972 1992 1988 1994 2005 1971 1996 338 kg 1. 4 tonnes 1. 5 tonnes 14 tonnes 27. 5 tonnes 30 tonnes 31. 5 tonnes 41 tonnes 4. 95 x 2 m 6. 9 x 2. 44 m 7. 3 x 2. 64 m 11. 77 x 4 m 14. 26 x 4. 9 m 16 x 5 m 16 -17 x 5. 43 m 17 x 5. 9 m 25 knots 32 knots 16 knots 25 knots 18 knots 25 knots FRC structure with Hypalon coated polyester boat fabric GRP hull with hypalon-coated nylon tube aluminium or fibre reinforced plastic fibre reinforced composite fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) glass reinforced plastic fibre reinforced composite

Lifeboats RNLI Hovercraft: aluminium hull with FRC topsides and fan ducts Balmoral liferaft: • self-righting, totally-enclosed, motor-propelled survival craft for the offshore oil industry • craft range in size (6. 2 -8. 75 m ) and can carry 21 -66 people respectively • glass reinforced plastic using fire-retardant resins • certification requires withstand 30 m high kerosene flames and temperatures of 1150°C • throughout the fire test, the temperature inside the craft never exceeded 27°C.

Mine counter-measures vessels MCMV: hunter/sweeper • HMS Wilton • Royal Navy Hunt Class • Sandown class SRMH 1 13 12 1973 46 m 450 tonnes 1980 60 m 725 tonnes 1989 50 m 450 tonnes

Swedish Navy • Landsort MCMV 47. 5 m GRP sandwich • Visby stealth corvette 73 m sandwich construction CFRP quoted speed of >35 knots 360 tons 600 tons

USS Stiletto M Ship Company (San Diego CA) M 80 Stiletto 24. 4 m by 12. 1 m wide • unique "double-M"-shaped multi-hull lightweight littoral patrol boat • captures air and converts wave energy into lift • cruise at >50 knots (92 km/h) with improved comfort/smaller wake • vacuum-bagged carbon sandwich for the hull major structures • resin film infusion (RFI) for bulkheads and longitudinal girders • crew of three and transports 12 Sea, Air and Land (SEAL) commandos • also carries an 11 m/36 ft rigid-hull inflatable boat and has capacity for smaller-sized unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).

Ocean Eagle 43 ocean patrol vessel • • • designer Nigel Irens laminate design Rivoyre Ingenierie construction by Chantier Naval H 2 X 43. 5 m (142 ft) vessel cruise at 20 knots for over 4000 km top speed of 30 knots. infused glass fibre/epoxy sandwich carbon fibre in stringer caps & arms main hull infusion almost 4 t resin composite structure <30 tonnes infused hulls for 1 st/2 nd boats differed by <5 kg weight.

Sterngear • Propellers – Tim Searle UG and Ph. D projects – GFRP props for Uo. P work boats – RV Triton – 2. 9 metre diameter composite propeller – world's largest composite propeller: five composite blades bolted and bonded to a nickel aluminium bronze (NAB) hub • Rudders – UD DDG-51 -class destroyer rudders twist to different angle of attack at different water depths

Powerboats • Very Slender Vessels (VSV) ~30 ft – covert operations • Cable & Wireless Adventure 41 tonnes, 35 x 14 m – composite glass reinforced polymer/foam sandwich – record breaking circumnavigation: 24500 nautical miles in 74 days 20 hours 62 days at sea: average speed 16. 5 knots average fuel consumption ~ 1 mpg (4. 5 litres/nm).

Powerboats • Earthrace trimaran – 24 m wavepiercer trimaran by Craig Loomes Design Group (CLDG) – “advanced composites including carbon fibre and aramid reinforcements, toughened epoxy resins and lightweight foam cores” – Germanischer Lloyd/CLDG animation vessel operating at 28 knots in short steep head sea of 2. 8 m height and 23 m wavelength - colours indicate wave peaks/troughs – 24000 mile circumnavigation in 60 days 23 hours and 49 minutes reduced record by almost 14 days (close to a 20% reduction in the time).

Yachts • Maltese Falcon: 1200 tonnes - 87. 5 m long overall – steel/aluminium hull – 3 free-standing carbon fibre composites masts • each 57 m high and weighs 13 tons • embedded optical fibre sensors report strain and stress data to the bridge – six curved carbon-fibre yards to each mast

Yachts • Mirabella V 740 tonnes 75. 2 m long, 90 m mast – largest single mast (sloop rigged) yacht – built by VT, launched in November 2004 • carbon deck and stiffeners • aramid outside hull skin • E-glass composites over PVC or polyolefin foam cores

Yachts • B&Q Castorama trimaran – 8. 3 tonnes - 23 m long - 30. 6 m mast – "constructed entirely. . of carbon fibre” – designed by Nigel Irens and Benoit Cabaret – Ellen Mac. Arthur solo non-stop circumnavigation: 71 days, 14 hours, 18 minutes – previous record, Francis Joyon 72 d 22 h 54 m – Cable & Wireless Adventurer 74 d 20 h & 14 crew!

Yacht: L’Hydroptère • Alain Thébault built 18. 3 m 6. 5 tonnes vessel • "carbon fibre composite and titanium structures” • September 2009 in a 28 -knot westerly wind – 51. 36 knots (59. 1 mph) over a distance of 500 metres – 48. 72 knots (56 mph) over one nautical mile – subject to ratification by the World Sailing Speed Record Council (WSSRC).

Yachts • "Team Philips“ 37 m by 21 m and 41 m high – preimpregated CFRP fabrics and vacuum-bagging – wave piercing bow technology – designed for The Race: no-holds barred, no limits, round the world challenge. – first sea-trials: portion of the portside pontoon snapped off. – repaired, boat relaunched, problem with rotating wing masts – December 2000 abandoned: 70 knot winds, 10 m waves and worsening weather conditions

Human-powered craft • Pink Lady Atlantic row – carbon fibre/foam core sandwich built in four separate components (10 meter hull, forward cabin roof, the aft cabin roof and the rowing bay) – days from breaking a world record for the fastest North Atlantic row from Canada stopped by a freak wave • Knoydart 14' Prospector – standard fibreglass lay-up (24 kg) is ideal for entry level paddlers – Ultralight (18 kg) lightest solo canoe available for wilderness tripping

Sails Fiber. Path laminate sail • fibres aligned with the primary loads in the sail • multiple fibre patterns to address secondary loads • lighter in weight than a tri-radial sail for GP applications.

End-of-life (Eo. L) vessel • waste reduction > reuse > recovery > disposal – – reuse: vessel – components – materials recover: fibres – pyrolysis etc for feedstock disposal: scuttle – incinerate – compost if bio-based landfill as a last resort • beware: – toxic compounds in • bilges, engines, lubricants, etc and • anti-fouling coatings

End-of-life (Eo. L) vessel • Annette Roux (2007) President of FIN (French boatbuilding federation) and President of Groupe Beneteau, said: industry has worked hard on techniques to destroy old fibreglass hulls, instead of owners abandoning them, “but so far we are having difficulty finding any: they are in good condition and sailors continue to use them”

Acknowledgements • sources for images are given in: – http: //www. tech. plym. ac. uk/sme/composites/marine. htm – Miggy Singh, John Summerscales and Ken Wittamore Disposal of composite boats and other marine composites Chapter 18 (pages 495 -519) in Vanessa Goodship (editor): "Management, recycling and reuse of waste composites", Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, 2010. – Juliette Jackson and John Summerscales Marine Renewable Energy (MRE): a review of device technologies draft manuscript.