COMPOSITE SENTENCE Compound sentence 2 Complex sentence 3

COMPOSITE SENTENCE Compound sentence. 2. Complex sentence 3. Classification of clauses 4. Cleft-sentences Subordination arrangement 1. 5.

Paradigmatics of the sentence Derivational relations constructional clausalization When the bell rang, the students left. The bell rang and the students left. predicative phrasalization transformation On the bell ringing, the students left. The bell rang. Did the bell ring? The bell must have rung.

Clausalization The bell rang. + The students left. conjunctive words When the bell rang, the students left. The bell rang and the students left.

Composite sentence (H. Poutsma’s term) complex compound • сложноподчиненное • When the bell rang, the students left. • Сложносочиненное • The bell rang and the students left.

Compound sentence contains at least two main clauses based on parataxis, i. e. coordination. Units of syntactically equal rank. Asyndetic or syndetic - conjoined by ◦ Coordinating conjunctions (and, but) ◦ Sentence adverbials (thus; however)

Compound sentence Copulative (coordinating): and Disjunctive : but, or

L. L. Iofic: No compound sentence as such<= two or more independent sentences, not clauses

Complex sentence a polypredicative construction (with two or more predicative lines) built on the principle of subordination (hypotaxis)

Complex sentence People only see what they're prepared to see. (Emerson) principal / main clause subordinate If you judge people, you have no time to love them. (Mother Teresa) matrix sentence insert clause

Subordinating connectors (subordinators) pronominal words ( take a notional position; part of a sentence) I don’t know when she’ll come. Do you remember the book that won the Booker Prize? pure conjunctions ( don’t take a notional position; not a part of the sentence) When she comes, I’ll tell her about you. He said that he was a doctor. zero subordinator: He said he was a doctor.

Classification of subordinate clauses 1. functional principle ( = functions of words; correlative with parts of the sentence) Subject, object, predicate, attribute etc. 2. categorial principle ( semantics; correlative with parts of speech) - substantive-nominal (of primary nominal position) (субстантивно-назывные) - qualification-nominal ( of secondary nominal position) (квалификативно-назывные) - clause of adverbial position (адвербиальные)

Substantive-nominal clauses ( primary nominal positions) Subject, predicative, object clauses naming an event as a fact What I want to say is that I know the answer. I don’t know what I want to say.

what S that Is Pve What I want to say is that I know the answer.

I don’t know what I want to say. know what O

Subject clause in actual division of the sentence T R What I want to say is that I know the answer. T R What you see is what you get. T R What you get is what you see.

Subject clause (It-sentences) T It is essential R that you should be here. R It is a great pleasure that you have come.

Object clauses – sequence of tenses She says he is here. She said he was here. She said he would be here. What did he say? – She said he is here (immediate reporting).

Qualification-nominal clauses (secondary nominal positions) Attributive clauses (who, whom, whose, which, that) characterizing sth v descriptive (additional characteristics) This is a book(, ) which can be useful. v limiting (restrictive) (identification) This is the book which I bought yesterday. Appositive (elucidate the meaning of the substantive antecedent of abstract semantics) I have an impression that you don’t trust me.

Attributive clause ( It-sentence) It is all I can do for you. (what kind of ALL? )

Adverbial clauses characterizing an event, process, or quality 1. Time (when, after, before, while, since, as soon as , till, until etc. ) I’ll do it when time comes. 2. Place (where, wherever) We’ll go there where nobody has been. 3. Manner or comparison ( as if, than, like, as though, as…as) He walks as if he had hurt his leg. 4. Cause or reason ( because) She is happy because we are all here.

5. Condition ( if, in case, as long as, unless, once) In case you are here, we’ll discuss our plans. 6. Concession ( even if, even though, although) Even if you come here, we won’t be able to talk. 7. Purpose (so that, lest, so as, in order that, for fear that) I closed the door so that nobody could hear us. 8. Parenthesis (If you ask me, as far as I know) As far as I know, everybody knows the secret. Comment clause: I could ring him, I suppose. (CGE) Inserted clause (B. A. Ilyish)

parenthetical clauses 1. Introductory (expressing different modal meanings) 2. Deviational (expressing commenting insertions of varied semantic character ) 3. In-between subordinate and coordinate clauses As far as I remember, the man was very much surprised to see me there. They used to be, and this is no longer a secret, very close friends.

Can a subordinate clause be the predicate of the sentence? The only notional position the subordinate clause cannot occupy is the position of the predicate. => the unique function of the predicate as the organizing centre of the sentence.

Cleft-sentences (it/wh/that-clefts) It is he who has done it for us. It is I who started all this. ( Comp. Hello! It’s me! ) It is in Rome that we had holidays. It is in spring that life seems beautiful. What we need is love. That’s how grammar works.

A cleft sentence is a complex sentence that has a meaning that could be expressed by a simple sentence. Clefts typically put a particular constituent into focus.

Complex sentence classification (N. S. Pospelov) Degree of syntactic closeness complex sentence monolithic segregative

1. Monolithic (obligatory connection) What I say is true. The problem is how you will do it. Tell me what you mean. The more I learn, the more I forget. He is the man whom everybody knows. 2. Segregative (optional connection) Ask him to come if he can. I saw a man who has been here before. He is a teacher as far as I remember.

Subordination arrangement parallel (a) homogeneous, (b) heterogeneous параллельное (со)подчинение consecutive последовательное подчинение

Parallel subordination He said that it was his problem and I should leave (homogeneous). obj The man whom I saw yesterday told me that I should leave (heterogeneous). attr obj

Consecutive subordination He says that he knows the man whom I met yesterday. obj attr depth of subordination perspective = 2; 3 ranks

The arrangement and depth of complex sentences 1. What I say is what I do. 2. We found a place where we could make a barbeque and where we could feel relaxed. 3. The place, we found for a barbeque, was nice because it was distant and quiet. 4. The place, we found for a barbeque, was quiet and we decided to stay there. 5. I know that he will never break the promise he has given to me after the incident happened.

1. What I say is what I do.

2. We found a place where we could make a barbeque and where we could feel relaxed.

3. The place, we found for a barbeque, was nice because it was distant and quiet.

4. The place, we found for a barbeque, was quiet and we decided to stay there. The type?

I know that he will never break the promise(1) he has given to me (2) after the incident happened (3). 1 2 3 depth of subordination perspective = 3 ? ranks

Punctuation Subord. clause + COMMA + main clause Main clause + NO COMMA + subord. clause If it rains, we’ll stroll. We’ll stroll if it rains.

Clause ? I remember the day when we met. I don’t know when he will come. Phone me when you come. I’m in doubt whether she will do it. Whatever happens, I am with you. Why can’t I live the way I want? Since it was Sunday, I stayed at home.

CGE: sentential relative clause Относительное присоединение He has always been sincere with me, which gives me great satisfaction.

Syntactic characteristics of a composite sentence Type of connection Rank and depth of subordination perspective Structural-semantic necessity Connectors Subordination arrangement Position Subordination / coordination Monolithic (obligatory) / segregational (optional) Syndetic / asyndetic Parallel (homogeneous / heterogeneous) / consecutive Prepositional / postpositional

Glossary Синтаксическая парадигма Примарное предложение Синтаксическая деривация Предикативная единица Номинализация Сложное предложение Сложноподчиненное предложение Сложносочиненное предложение Союзная связь Бессоюзная связь Соединительные союзы Противительные союзы Разделительные союзы Союзные слова Определительное распространительное предложение Определительное ограничительное предложение

Глоссарий Клефтированное / расщепленное предложение Параллельное подчинение Соподчинение Однородное неоднородное Последовательное подчинение