COMPETENT RESEARCH WRITING Natalya G Popova Ph D

COMPETENT RESEARCH WRITING Natalya G. Popova Ph. D in cultural sociology Language Tutor

• Общая информация • Форматы (структура) • Особенности формата экономических статей • Факторы успешной статьи • Особенности написания и оформления отдельных структурных элементов статьи

Russian Indexed Research Papers in the World Output (Thomson Reuters) Russia 2, 6 Other countries 97, 4

Research research |rɪˈsəːtʃ, ˈriːsəːtʃ|noun [ mass noun ] the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions: the group carries out research in geochemistry | medical research

Философия современного знания Обязательная публикация результатов оригинального исследования Публикация – документ, подтверждающий факт проведения исследования Информирует коллег

Primary Scientific Publication must be the first disclosure containing sufficient information to enable peers (1) to assess observations, (2) to repeat experiments, and (3) to evaluate intellectual processes; moreover, it must be susceptible to sensory perception, essentially permanent, available to the scientific community without restriction, and available for regular screening by one or more of the major recognized secondary services

Типы публикаций Первичная (original paper) Вторичная: • Обзорная (review paper) • Монографии (monographs) • Статьи по докладам конференций (conference reports, conference proceedings) Третичная научная литература – учебники, энциклопедии для более широкой аудитории

Peer-Review Procedure

Традиционные этапы исследования Идея Сбор данных Экспери мент Написание статьи

Интегрированный подход Сбор данных эмпирика Writing

Английский язык – официальный язык науки (предпосылки) Политические, исторические, экономические, социокультурные Собственно языковые

Фиксированный порядок слов We observed this typical mistake in all his articles. This typical mistake we observed in all his articles. In all his articles there is this typical mistake. Typical for all his articles is this mistake. It is…. . that….

“First comes first” Present Perfect - this need has played a an important role. . Правило ряда(не злоупотреблять!): • The nearest city approach; • A risk-prone behavior; • The important measurement parameters • New market environment demands Одно подлежащее и одно сказуемое (чаще всего): • We are going to overcome this difficulty with various means to be tried

Особенности научных публикаций Общепринятые форматы публикаций (IBC, IMRAD, MLA, “house styles”) Реферативная информация Иллюстрации Методы Процедура рецензирования Статья должна находиться в непрерывном доступе ( «ссылка должна работать всегда» )

форматы публикаций Название – Реферат – Введение – Методы – Результаты – Обсуждение – Благодарности – Список литературы –

Особенности формата экономических статей

Типы экономических статей Empirical papers (model and how well it represents reality) - Journal of Human Resources. Theoretical papers (deduce a model and proves it like in the math) - Huseyin Yildirim’s “Getting the Ball Rolling: Voluntary Contributions to a Large- Scale Public Project” (Journal of Public Economic Theory, vol. 8, 2006). Economic History Papers (examine changes over time in economic institutions, economic conditions, economic practices) - Journal of Economic History.

Жанры экономических статей History-of-Thought papers (assess the evolution of economics as a discipline) Literature Reviews, Freakonomics, Encyclopedia

Do not worry. You have always written before and you will write now. All you have to do is just to write one sentence. Write the truest sentence that you know”. So finally I would write one true sentence, and then go on from there. It was easy then because there was always one true sentence that I knew or had seen or had heard someone say. Ernest Hemingway

Factors of a good research article MAIN THESIS and KEY WORDS COHERENT Documentation style REGISTER (CREATING A RAPPORT) EXPOSITION (STUCTURE) CLARITY

Drafting BAD Important for development of young people social capital functions not only in the limits of a family. Good Social capital functions beyond the family framwork BAD Low level of leaving the catholic schools and, on the contrary, the high level of leaving other private schools, and positive effect of the attendance of church ceremonies point to the importance of social capital out schools in adult community Good The significance of social capital beyond family is proved by …

EXAMPLE Исследование роли социального капитала в формировании человеческого капитала в последующих поколениях Social capital creates human capital Social capital in the creation of human capital Coleman J. American Journal of Sociology

Clarity Short subjects: BAD A full explanation of why the model cannot accommodate this particular case of omitted variable bias is given in the appendix Good The appendix explains in full why the model cannot accommodate this particular case of omitted variable bias.

Clarity Use abstract nouns as verbs There is opposition among many voters to nuclear power plants. Better Many voters oppose nuclear power plants. Economists made attempts to define full employment. Better Economists attempted to define full employment. There is a need for further study of the problem. Better The problem needs further study

Clarity Passive Voice – Active Voice Recent years have evidence a rapid growth in …. Not: A rapid growth has been seen in … Table shows. . Not : It is shown on the table

Clarity Avoid adjectives and verbs that are overly dramatic. For instance, is too much. Do not use contractions or abbreviations such as: e. g. , i. e. , etc. . Write out the equivalent words: for instance, that is, et cetera. Latin and other foreign languages should be in italics or underlined: Feldstein et al (1976). . Avoid unnecessary words. For instance, in most cases, in order to. .

Academic Register Use of formal synonyms (different – various, important – significant, big – large) Absence of direct questions Absence of direct address to a reader Information is given from the first person Hidden negation

Documentation Style Well-known or well known? Dostoevsky or Dostoevskii? Organise or Organize? Above-mentioned or abovementioned?

Documentation Styles American Psychological Association Documentation Chicago/Turabian Documentation Modern Language Association Documentation American Political Science Association Documentation Council of Science Editors Documentation

Рекомендации тем, кто будет переводить статью не сам Пишите проще Не используйте метафоры и культурномаркированную лексику Точно описывайте российские специфические термины (северный коэффициент) Будьте точны в терминологии и как можно больше терминов переводите сами Структурируйте текст – делайте подзаголовки “English academic editing” - обращайтесь за помощью к специалистам

Представление рукописи Рецензирование

Варианты ответа редактора to unconditionally accept or accept with minor revision to accept it in the event that its authors modify it in certain ways to reject it, but encourage revision and invite resubmission to reject it outright

Заключение