Competence vs Performance Definitions Having knowledge Possess Applying

Competence vs. Performance Definitions Having knowledge Possess Applying knowledge Use Analogies / Examples Recipe Blueprint Musical score Final product: food Actual building Performance of it

Competence vs. Performance http: //forums. xkcd. com/viewtopic. php? f=49&t=36040 (FR&H, 8 th ed. )

Competence vs. Performance http: //forums. xkcd. com/viewtopic. php? f=49&t=36040 (FR&H, 8 th ed. )

Linguistic knowledge of what? Sound System Vocabulary (words) / Meaning Creativity Judgments about sentences and non-sentences OTHERS

Knowledge of the Sounds and Sound System English Mandarin clock ding (Tones 1, 3, 4) blerk ding (Tone 2) mlock dip

Knowledge of Words Pronunciation Meaning What else?

Arbitrary and Conventional What do these two phrases mean? 顧名思義 顧物思名 How can you apply them to language?

Onomatopoeia—Sheep Arabic (Algeria): baa Chinese (Mandarin): mieh Dutch: bèèh English: baaah Esperanto: mek Estonian: mää Finnish: bäää French: bêêê German: bähh, bähh Hebrew: meeee www. georgetown. edu. /cball/animals/

Onomatopoeia—Sheep Hindi: bhe: -bhe: Italian: beeee Japanese: mee Korean: meeeee Russian: bee Spanish (Spain): bee Spanish (Argentina): meeee Swedish: bää Turkish: me-e-e-eh, me-e-e-eh Vietnamese: be-hehehe www. georgetown. edu. /cball/animals/

Creativity: Embedded Clauses 0 This is the house. 1 This is the house that Jack built. 2 This is the malt that lay in the house that Jack built. 5 This is the dog that worried the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built. Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2014. An Introduction to Language, 10 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 6.

Grammaticality Judgments Linus lost his blanket. * Lost Linus blanket his. 我 也 喜 歡 吃 冰 淇 淋。 * 也 我 喜 歡 吃 冰 淇 淋。

Knowledge of Language Sounds Words Syntax Grammaticality judgments

Features of All Languages Arbitrary relationship between sound and meaning Conventional meaning Creativity Compositional (smaller meaningful units make bigger ones)

Grammar (One View) “We use the term ‘grammar’ with a systematic ambiguity. On the one hand, the term refers to the 1 explicit theory constructed by the linguist and proposed as a description of the speaker’s competence. On the other hand, it refers to 2 this competence itself. ” N. Chomsky and M. Halle, The Sound Pattern of English Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2014. An Introduction to Language, 10 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 9.

Definitions of Grammar? Written description of your linguistic competence (All Areas) Your linguistic competence “Traditional” Grammar [Syntax] Book containing traditional grammar / syntax

Types of Grammars Descriptive Grammar Prescriptive Grammar Teaching Grammars Universal Grammar Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2014. An Introduction to Language, 10 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 9 -14.

So-Called Ungrammatical Sentences * I don’t have none. * You was wrong about that. *? Mathilda is fatter than me. Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2014. An Introduction to Language, 10 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 10.

Long-Standing Prescriptive Grammar Rules 1 DON’T end a sentence with a preposition. I don’t know who to give this book to. “This is the sort of nonsense up with which I will not put. Winston Churchill (p. 15) DON’T split an infinitive He wants to quickly finish the work and go home.

Long-Standing Prescriptive Grammar Rules 1 DON’T end a sentence with a preposition. I don’t know who to give this book to. “This is the sort of nonsense up with which I will not put. Winston Churchill (p. 15) DON’T split an infinitive He wants to quickly finish the work and go home.

Long-Standing Prescriptive Grammar Rules 2 USE ONLY Nominative after the verb BE. It’s me. NEVER use a double negative. I don’t have none.

Animal “Languages” “Talking” Parrots Spiders Fiddler crabs Birds (their calls and songs) Bees Chimps Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2014. An Introduction to Language, 10 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 15 -21.

“Tallking” Parrots Discovery Channel has had a program on Alex. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=nbr. TOc. Unj. NY&feature=related : better quality video http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=eawfo. MHy. UHQ : Performance http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=VZ 2 j 1 j. Ow. AYU : Working with Alex http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=7 y. GOgs_Ul. Ec

Bee Dance—You Tube http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=-7 ij. I-g 4 j. Hg

Origin of Language What do we really know?

Language and Thought: Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Linguistic Determinism Linguistic Relativity Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2014. An Introduction to Language, 10 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 21 -25.