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Company LOGO Air Pollution TREN 1 F 90 Sustainability, Environment and Tourism Company LOGO Air Pollution TREN 1 F 90 Sustainability, Environment and Tourism

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Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Carbon monoxide: • CO is a colourless, odourless gas Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Carbon monoxide: • CO is a colourless, odourless gas

Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Carbon monoxide: • CO is a colourless, odourless gas Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Carbon monoxide: • CO is a colourless, odourless gas • poisonous: ___________________________________

Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Carbon monoxide: • CO is a colourless, odourless gas Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Carbon monoxide: • CO is a colourless, odourless gas • poisonous: binds to hemoglobin and blocks oxygen transport to cells

Mode of action of CO Direct binding to hemoglobin molecules within red blood cells, Mode of action of CO Direct binding to hemoglobin molecules within red blood cells, upsetting cellular metabolism → disrupts oxygen and carbon dioxide transport Image credit: dept. physics. upen n. edu/. . . / subsection 1_1_3. html Hemoglobin molecule with carbon monoxide attached

Image copyright 2000 by Nucleus Communications, Inc. All rights reserved. http: //www. nucleusinc. com Image copyright 2000 by Nucleus Communications, Inc. All rights reserved. http: //www. nucleusinc. com See “Why is Carbon Monoxide so Poisonous? ” at www. edinformatics. com/inter active_molecules/carbon_mo noxide. htm

Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Carbon monoxide: • CO is a colourless, odourless gas Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Carbon monoxide: • CO is a colourless, odourless gas • poisonous: binds to hemoglobin and blocks oxygen transport to cells • ____% comes from natural sources, especially from ______________

Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Carbon monoxide: • CO is a colourless, odourless gas Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Carbon monoxide: • CO is a colourless, odourless gas • poisonous: binds to hemoglobin and blocks oxygen transport to cells • 85 % comes from natural sources, especially from ______________

Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Carbon monoxide: • CO is a colourless, odourless gas Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Carbon monoxide: • CO is a colourless, odourless gas • poisonous: binds to hemoglobin and blocks oxygen transport to cells • 85 % comes from natural sources, especially from oxidation of methane (marsh gas)

Major Air Pollutants Carbon monoxide: • human sources: _____________ Major Air Pollutants Carbon monoxide: • human sources: _____________

Major Air Pollutants Carbon monoxide: • human sources: combustion of fuels Major Air Pollutants Carbon monoxide: • human sources: combustion of fuels

Major Air Pollutants Carbon monoxide: • human sources: combustion of fuels • human inputs Major Air Pollutants Carbon monoxide: • human sources: combustion of fuels • human inputs insignificant on a global scale, but 95‑ 98% of CO levels in cities may come from this source, and CO levels may be 50‑ 100 times greater than worldwide averages

CO Concentrations in Ontario Geographical distribution of 1 hour maximum CO concentrations (ppm) across CO Concentrations in Ontario Geographical distribution of 1 hour maximum CO concentrations (ppm) across Ontario (1997) Source: Ministry of the Environment, 1999. Air Quality in Ontario – A Concise Report on the State of Air Quality in the Province of Ontario 1997. Canada.

Major Air Pollutants Carbon monoxide: • human sources: combustion of fossil fuels • human Major Air Pollutants Carbon monoxide: • human sources: combustion of fossil fuels • human inputs insignificant on a global scale, but 95‑ 98% of CO levels in cities may come from this source, and CO levels may be 50‑ 100 times greater than worldwide averages • cigarette smoke contains 200‑ 400 ppm CO; ties up 5 ‑ 15 % of smoker's hemoglobin during smoking

Major Air Pollutants Carbon dioxide: • CO 2 is a normal component of atmosphere Major Air Pollutants Carbon dioxide: • CO 2 is a normal component of atmosphere (currently about ______ ppm)

Major Air Pollutants Carbon dioxide: • CO 2 is a normal component of atmosphere Major Air Pollutants Carbon dioxide: • CO 2 is a normal component of atmosphere (currently about 391 ppm) • average concentrations rising slowly due to ___________________

Major Air Pollutants Carbon dioxide: • CO 2 is a normal component of atmosphere Major Air Pollutants Carbon dioxide: • CO 2 is a normal component of atmosphere (currently about 391 ppm) • average concentrations rising slowly due to burning of fossil fuels, destruction of forests

Major Air Pollutants Carbon dioxide: • CO 2 is a normal component of atmosphere Major Air Pollutants Carbon dioxide: • CO 2 is a normal component of atmosphere (currently about 391 ppm) • average concentrations rising slowly due to burning of fossil fuels, destruction of forests • serious implications regarding global climate change via the "greenhouse effect"

Major Air Pollutants Oxides of sulphur Sulphur dioxide (SO 2) Sulphur trioxide (SO 3) Major Air Pollutants Oxides of sulphur Sulphur dioxide (SO 2) Sulphur trioxide (SO 3) • acrid, poisonous, corrosive gases • produced primarily by____________________________

Major Air Pollutants Oxides of sulphur Sulphur dioxide (SO 2) Sulphur trioxide (SO 3) Major Air Pollutants Oxides of sulphur Sulphur dioxide (SO 2) Sulphur trioxide (SO 3) • acrid, poisonous, corrosive gases • produced primarily by burning of high-sulphur fossil fuels (coal, oil) in industrial processes, thermal generators, and heating systems

Major Air Pollutants Oxides of sulphur • SO 2 reacts slowly in air to Major Air Pollutants Oxides of sulphur • SO 2 reacts slowly in air to produce SO 3; SO 3 may react with water to form droplets of H 2 SO 4 (sulphuric acid) • dangerous to health when H 2 SO 4 and sulphate salt particulate pollution are inhaled together → synergistic effect greatly increases risk of lung cancer

bisulphite sulphur dioxide sulphuric acid ammonium sulfate bisulphite sulphur dioxide sulphuric acid ammonium sulfate

Major Air Pollutants Oxides of sulphur SO 2 emissions may be reduced by: 1. Major Air Pollutants Oxides of sulphur SO 2 emissions may be reduced by: 1. ___________________ 2. ___________________ 3. ___________________

Major Air Pollutants Oxides of sulphur SO 2 emissions may be reduced by: 1. Major Air Pollutants Oxides of sulphur SO 2 emissions may be reduced by: 1. Switching to low-sulphur fuels (< 1% sulphur) 2. ___________________ 3. ___________________

Major Air Pollutants Oxides of sulphur SO 2 emissions may be reduced by: 1. Major Air Pollutants Oxides of sulphur SO 2 emissions may be reduced by: 1. Switching to low-sulphur fuels (< 1% sulphur) 2. Processing fuels to reduce / remove sulphur 3. ___________________

Major Air Pollutants Oxides of sulphur SO 2 emissions may be reduced by: 1. Major Air Pollutants Oxides of sulphur SO 2 emissions may be reduced by: 1. Switching to low-sulphur fuels (< 1% sulphur) 2. Processing fuels to reduce / remove sulphur 3. Catalytic ‘scrubbing’ of exhaust or stack gases

Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Nitrogen Nitric oxide (NO) Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) • Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Nitrogen Nitric oxide (NO) Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) • NO formed in reaction between N and O at high temperatures in boilers, internal combustion engines, etc. • NO reacts slowly with ____and rapidly with _______ to form NO 2, a reddish‑brown gas with a pungent choking odour

Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Nitrogen Nitric oxide (NO) Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) • Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Nitrogen Nitric oxide (NO) Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) • NO formed in reaction between N and O at high temperatures in boilers, internal combustion engines, etc. • NO reacts slowly with oxygen and rapidly with ozone to form NO 2, a reddish‑brown gas with a pungent choking odour

Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Nitrogen • natural microbial action produces _______ times more Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Nitrogen • natural microbial action produces _______ times more NOx than human activities, but anthropogenic NOx is concentrated: urban NOx levels are ______ to ______ times greater than non‑urban atmospheres. • NO 2 is a_______________ and may damage plants

Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Nitrogen • natural microbial action produces about 10 times Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Nitrogen • natural microbial action produces about 10 times more NOx than human activities, but anthropogenic NOx is concentrated: urban NOx levels are ______ to ______ times greater than non‑urban atmospheres. • NO 2 is a_____ and may damage plants

Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Nitrogen • natural microbial action produces about 10 times Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Nitrogen • natural microbial action produces about 10 times more NOx than human activities, but anthropogenic NOx is concentrated: urban NOx levels are 10 to 100 greater than non‑urban atmospheres. times • NO 2 is a _____ and may damage plants

Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Nitrogen • natural microbial action produces about 10 times Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Nitrogen • natural microbial action produces about 10 times more NOx than human activities, but anthropogenic NOx is concentrated: urban NOx levels are 10 to 100 greater than non‑urban atmospheres. times • NO 2 is a lung irritant and may damage plants

http: //www. utoronto. ca/imap/collections/air_quality/ozone_ exceedance_gases. htm NOx Emissions in North America 1 x 1 http: //www. utoronto. ca/imap/collections/air_quality/ozone_ exceedance_gases. htm NOx Emissions in North America 1 x 1 degree Source: Canadian Global Emissions Interpretation Centre

Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Nitrogen • major threat is its role in the Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Nitrogen • major threat is its role in the formation of ___________________ • may be controlled from chimneys by ______________________________________ • control in auto exhaust requires __________________

Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Nitrogen • major threat is its role in the Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Nitrogen • major threat is its role in the formation of photochemical oxidants • may be controlled from chimneys by ______________________________________ • control in auto exhaust requires ____________

Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Nitrogen • major threat is its role in the Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Nitrogen • major threat is its role in the formation of photochemical oxidants • may be controlled from chimneys by adjusting flame temperature and fuel delivery rates to ensure more complete combustion • control in auto exhaust requires ____________

Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Nitrogen • major threat is its role in the Major Air Pollutants Oxides of Nitrogen • major threat is its role in the formation of photochemical oxidants • may be controlled from chimneys by adjusting flame temperature and fuel delivery rates to ensure more complete combustion • control in auto exhaust requires the use of catalytic converters

http: //www. utoronto. ca/imap/collections/air_quality/maps/Ontario-avg-NO 2. jpg Average NO 2 Concentrations in Ontario Source: MOE http: //www. utoronto. ca/imap/collections/air_quality/maps/Ontario-avg-NO 2. jpg Average NO 2 Concentrations in Ontario Source: MOE (1999)

Major Air Pollutants Hydrocarbons E. g. methane benzene butane propane Sources include: 1) ________________ Major Air Pollutants Hydrocarbons E. g. methane benzene butane propane Sources include: 1) ________________ 2) ________________ 3) ________________ • • involved in the production of _________________ some directly carcinogenic; most are highly reactive and do not persist for a long time

Major Air Pollutants Hydrocarbons E. g. methane benzene butane propane Sources include: 1) Incompletely- Major Air Pollutants Hydrocarbons E. g. methane benzene butane propane Sources include: 1) Incompletely- burned fuels 2) ________________ 3) ________________ • • involved in the production of _________________ some directly carcinogenic; most are highly reactive and do not persist for a long time

Major Air Pollutants Hydrocarbons E. g. methane benzene butane propane Sources include: 1) Incompletely- Major Air Pollutants Hydrocarbons E. g. methane benzene butane propane Sources include: 1) Incompletely- burned fuels 2) Solvent and fuel evaporation 3) ________________ • • involved in the production of _________________ some directly carcinogenic; most are highly reactive and do not persist for a long time

Major Air Pollutants Hydrocarbons E. g. methane benzene butane propane Sources include: 1) Incompletely- Major Air Pollutants Hydrocarbons E. g. methane benzene butane propane Sources include: 1) Incompletely- burned fuels 2) Solvent and fuel evaporation 3) Refinery emissions • • involved in the production of _________________ some directly carcinogenic; most are highly reactive and do not persist for a long time

Major Air Pollutants Hydrocarbons E. g. methane benzene butane propane Sources include: 1) Incompletely- Major Air Pollutants Hydrocarbons E. g. methane benzene butane propane Sources include: 1) Incompletely- burned fuels 2) Solvent and fuel evaporation 3) Refinery emissions • • involved in the production of photochemical smog some directly carcinogenic; most are highly reactive and do not persist for a long time

http: //www. utoronto. ca/imap/collections/air_quality/maps/dkgvocen. jpg http: //www. utoronto. ca/imap/collections/air_quality/maps/dkgvocen. jpg

Major Air Pollutants Photochemical oxidants - secondary pollutants produced in the atmosphere by ____________________________________ Major Air Pollutants Photochemical oxidants - secondary pollutants produced in the atmosphere by ____________________________________ - a complex mixture of reactive components including: 1) O 3 __________________ Effects: ______________________________________

Major Air Pollutants Photochemical oxidants - secondary pollutants produced in the atmosphere by reaction Major Air Pollutants Photochemical oxidants - secondary pollutants produced in the atmosphere by reaction of NOx and hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight - a complex mixture of reactive components including: 1) O 3 __________________ Effects: ______________________________________

Major Air Pollutants Photochemical oxidants - secondary pollutants produced in the atmosphere by reaction Major Air Pollutants Photochemical oxidants - secondary pollutants produced in the atmosphere by reaction of NOx and hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight - a complex mixture of reactive components including: 1) O 3 Ozone Effects: ______________________________________

Major Air Pollutants Photochemical oxidants - secondary pollutants produced in the atmosphere by reaction Major Air Pollutants Photochemical oxidants - secondary pollutants produced in the atmosphere by reaction of NOx and hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight - a complex mixture of reactive components including: 1) O 3 Ozone Effects: crop damage; rots rubber and plastics; throat irritation; fatigue; sterility

2) PAN _________________ Effects: ______________________________________ 3) R - C=O _______________ | H Effects: ______________________________________ 2) PAN _________________ Effects: ______________________________________ 3) R - C=O _______________ | H Effects: ______________________________________

2) PAN peroxyacetyl nitrates Effects: ______________________________________ 3) R - C=O _______________ | H Effects: 2) PAN peroxyacetyl nitrates Effects: ______________________________________ 3) R - C=O _______________ | H Effects: ______________________________________

2) PAN peroxyacetyl nitrates Effects: damage to wild plants and to crops; irritation of 2) PAN peroxyacetyl nitrates Effects: damage to wild plants and to crops; irritation of eyes and mucous membranes 3) R - C=O _______________ | H Effects: ______________________________________

2) PAN peroxyacetyl nitrates Effects: damage to wild plants and to crops; irritation of 2) PAN peroxyacetyl nitrates Effects: damage to wild plants and to crops; irritation of eyes and mucous membranes 3) R - C=O aldehydes | H Effects: ______________________________________

2) PAN peroxyacetyl nitrates Effects: damage to wild plants and to crops; irritation of 2) PAN peroxyacetyl nitrates Effects: damage to wild plants and to crops; irritation of eyes and mucous membranes 3) R - C=O aldehydes | H Effects: eye, nose, throat irritation, coughing, wheezing, and bronchitis. Formaldehyde is considered a probable human carcinogen.

ammonia ammonium sulfate PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS: ozone Nitrogen dioxide Nitrous acid Nitric Acid Ethene, etc. ammonia ammonium sulfate PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS: ozone Nitrogen dioxide Nitrous acid Nitric Acid Ethene, etc.

Particulates May be solids: • __________________________________ • __________________________________ • _________________ Particulates May be solids: • __________________________________ • __________________________________ • _________________

Particulates may be solids: • smoke • __________________________________ • __________________________________ Particulates may be solids: • smoke • __________________________________ • __________________________________

Particulates may be solids: • smoke • soot • __________________________________ • _________________ Particulates may be solids: • smoke • soot • __________________________________ • _________________

Particulates may be solids: • smoke • soot • dust • __________________________________ Particulates may be solids: • smoke • soot • dust • __________________________________

Particulates may be solids: • smoke • soot • dust • asbestos • __________________________________ Particulates may be solids: • smoke • soot • dust • asbestos • __________________________________ • _________________

Particulates may be solids: • smoke • soot • dust • asbestos • metallic Particulates may be solids: • smoke • soot • dust • asbestos • metallic particles • __________________________________

Particulates may be solids: • smoke • soot • dust • asbestos • metallic Particulates may be solids: • smoke • soot • dust • asbestos • metallic particles • sulphate salts • _________________

Particulates may be solids: • smoke • soot • dust • asbestos • metallic Particulates may be solids: • smoke • soot • dust • asbestos • metallic particles • sulphate salts • pollen

Particulates may be liquids: • __________________________________ • _________________ Particulates may be liquids: • __________________________________ • _________________

Particulates may be liquids: • oil sprays • __________________________________ Particulates may be liquids: • oil sprays • __________________________________

Particulates may be liquids: • oil sprays • aqueous sprays • _________________ Particulates may be liquids: • oil sprays • aqueous sprays • _________________

Particulates May be liquids: • oil sprays • aqueous sprays • solvent sprays Particulates May be liquids: • oil sprays • aqueous sprays • solvent sprays

Particulates May be liquids: • oil sprays • aqueous sprays • solvent sprays • Particulates May be liquids: • oil sprays • aqueous sprays • solvent sprays • e. g. , ‘chemtrails’ from passenger jets

Particulates may be liquids: • oil sprays • aqueous sprays • solvent sprays Liquid Particulates may be liquids: • oil sprays • aqueous sprays • solvent sprays Liquid droplets suspended in air: • _________________

Particulates may be liquids: • oil sprays • aqueous sprays • solvent sprays Liquid Particulates may be liquids: • oil sprays • aqueous sprays • solvent sprays Liquid droplets suspended in air: • aerosols

Particulates Effects of particulates include: • __________________________________ • _________________ Particulates Effects of particulates include: • __________________________________ • _________________

Particulates Effects of particulates include: • Damage to respiratory tract • __________________________________ Particulates Effects of particulates include: • Damage to respiratory tract • __________________________________

Particulates Effects of particulates include: • Damage to respiratory tract • Synergistic effects on Particulates Effects of particulates include: • Damage to respiratory tract • Synergistic effects on health (e. g. lung disease) • __________________________________ • _________________

Particulates Effects of particulates include: • Damage to respiratory tract • Synergistic effects on Particulates Effects of particulates include: • Damage to respiratory tract • Synergistic effects on health (e. g. lung disease) • Damage to crops, wildlife, livestock • __________________________________

Particulates Effects of particulates include: • Damage to respiratory tract • Synergistic effects on Particulates Effects of particulates include: • Damage to respiratory tract • Synergistic effects on health (e. g. lung disease) • Damage to crops, wildlife, livestock • Soiling and damage to materials • _________________

Particulates Effects of particulates include: • Damage to respiratory tract • Synergistic effects on Particulates Effects of particulates include: • Damage to respiratory tract • Synergistic effects on health (e. g. lung disease) • Damage to crops, wildlife, livestock • Soiling and damage to materials • Microclimate effects, reduced visibility

Particulates Photochemical smog is a combination of : • Photochemical oxidants • __________________________________ Particulates Photochemical smog is a combination of : • Photochemical oxidants • __________________________________

Particulates Photochemical smog is a combination of : • Photochemical oxidants • Gaseous hydrocarbons Particulates Photochemical smog is a combination of : • Photochemical oxidants • Gaseous hydrocarbons • _________________

Particulates Photochemical smog is a combination of : • Photochemical oxidants • Gaseous hydrocarbons Particulates Photochemical smog is a combination of : • Photochemical oxidants • Gaseous hydrocarbons • Particulates

Company LOGO Controlling Air Pollution Company LOGO Controlling Air Pollution

Controlling air pollution • Technological approaches • Legislative approaches • Volunteer initiatives Controlling air pollution • Technological approaches • Legislative approaches • Volunteer initiatives

Technological Approaches • • Catalytic converters Scrubbers Dust and particulate entrapment systems Activated carbon Technological Approaches • • Catalytic converters Scrubbers Dust and particulate entrapment systems Activated carbon filters

Technological Approaches • Catalytic converters http: //static. howstuffworks. com/gif/ catalytic-converter-location. jpg Technological Approaches • Catalytic converters http: //static. howstuffworks. com/gif/ catalytic-converter-location. jpg

• Catalytic converters www. cateran. com. au/cateran/data. aspx • Catalytic converters www. cateran. com. au/cateran/data. aspx

The Reduction Catalyst • first stage of the catalytic converter • uses platinum and The Reduction Catalyst • first stage of the catalytic converter • uses platinum and rhodium to help reduce the NOx emissions • When an NO or NO 2 molecule contacts the catalyst, the catalyst rips the nitrogen atom out of the molecule and holds on to it, freeing the oxygen in the form of O 2. • The nitrogen atoms bond with other nitrogen atoms that are also stuck to the catalyst, forming N 2. For example: 2 NO => N 2 + O 2 or 2 NO 2 => N 2 + 2 O 2

The Oxidization Catalyst • second stage of the catalytic converter • reduces the unburned The Oxidization Catalyst • second stage of the catalytic converter • reduces the unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide by burning (oxidizing) them over a platinum and palladium catalyst • aids the reaction of the CO and hydrocarbons with the remaining oxygen in the exhaust gas. For example: 2 CO + O 2 => 2 CO 2

Scrubbers • air pollution control devices • air scrubbers, wet scrubbers, and gas scrubbers Scrubbers • air pollution control devices • air scrubbers, wet scrubbers, and gas scrubbers • use a high-energy liquid spray to remove aerosol and gaseous pollutants from an air stream • gases removed either by absorption or chemical reaction • may be used for process air cleansing and dust collection • commonly used to help control emissions of sulfur into the atmosphere See http: //process-equipment. globalspec. com/Learn. More/Manufacturing_Process_Equipment/Air_Quality/Scrubbers

Image source: http: //images. encarta. msn. com/xrefmedia/ aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T 629102 A. gif Image source: http: //images. encarta. msn. com/xrefmedia/ aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T 629102 A. gif

Dust filters • Use filter media and cyclonic action to trap dust and particulates Dust filters • Use filter media and cyclonic action to trap dust and particulates in exhaust gases from industrial processes

Air Quality - Legislative approaches Federal: • Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA): regulates air Air Quality - Legislative approaches Federal: • Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA): regulates air emissions on toxic substances through life cycle, fuels and fuel components, environmentally safe codes of practice, and control of transboundary air pollution, certain controlled substances (ozone depleting chemicals, asbestos, lead, mercury, vinyl chloride / PVC)

CEPA Regulations Part 7: Controlling Pollution and Managing Wastes • Division 4: Fuels (Sections CEPA Regulations Part 7: Controlling Pollution and Managing Wastes • Division 4: Fuels (Sections 138 -148) - National fuel mark system • Division 5: Vehicle Engine and Equipment Emissions (Sections 149 -165) - transfers legislative authority from the Motor Vehicle Safety Act to CEPA. Generally speaking air, rail and marine engines are covered by the Aeronautics Act (R. S. C 1985, c. A-2), the Canada Transportation Act (S. C. 1996, c. 10) and the Canada Shipping Act (R. S. C. 1985, c. S-9) • Division 6: International Air Pollution (Sections 166 -174) • Division 8: Control of the Movement of Hazardous Waste and Recyclable Material and Prescribed Non-Hazardous Waste for Final Disposal (Sections 185 -192)

Air Quality - Legislative approaches • CCME / Environment Canada Management Plan for Nitrogen Air Quality - Legislative approaches • CCME / Environment Canada Management Plan for Nitrogen Oxides and VOCs (Nov 1990) to identify domestic emissions problems and ensure international compliance (see http: //www. atl. ec. gc. ca/epb/ccme/smog. html)

Air Quality - Legislative approaches Provincial Environmental Protection Act: • Ontario Regulation 419/05, Air Air Quality - Legislative approaches Provincial Environmental Protection Act: • Ontario Regulation 419/05, Air Pollution - Local Air Quality • Decisions and Proposals for Individual Contaminants Drive Clean Program: vehicle emissions testing program to reduce smog and its harmful effects on the air (http: //www. ene. gov. on. ca/cons/371706. htm)

Air Quality – volunteer initiatives • Clean Air Day (05 June 2013) A day Air Quality – volunteer initiatives • Clean Air Day (05 June 2013) A day of celebration and awareness activities across the country to invite Canadians to take action on clean air and climate change. • One Tonne Challenge: Government of Canada challenges all Canadians to reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases by one tonne (or about 20%). • Consumer - Environmental Choice Program: helps consumers identify products and services that are less harmful to the environment, including air quality.

Air Quality – other initiatives • eco. ACTION programs: – eco. AUTO rebate program Air Quality – other initiatives • eco. ACTION programs: – eco. AUTO rebate program – eco. ENERGY home retrofit grants – eco. TRANSPORT municipal grants • Commuter Challenge

Air Quality – other initiatives • Energy Efficiency Participation Initiatives • Transportation Outreach • Air Quality – other initiatives • Energy Efficiency Participation Initiatives • Transportation Outreach • Residential Wood Heating Guide • Pesticide use guidelines • Citizen Monitoring of lichens (air quality indicators) under international Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network (EMAN) protocols