Compact RF Cavity Development at the Cockcroft Institute

Compact RF Cavity Development at the Cockcroft Institute Dr G. Burt Lancaster University & Cockcroft Institute CI SAC meeting 29 - 31 October 2012

HI-LUMI LHC CRAB CAVITY 5 th November 2013 CI SAC Meeting 4 th – 6 th November 2013 A Wheelhouse

Crab crossing 4 Rod Crab cavities IR

Why do we require compact cavities? There is limited space for the crab cavities due to the opposing beamline. The cavity must within a 143 mm radius. 800 MHz elliptical 400 MHz elliptical Using 800 MHz RF causes a Sshaped bunch which reduces luminosity hence a 400 MHz compact cavity is desired

4 R crab cavity – Cockcroft - Jlab • To make suitable we increased the separation between the rods and made the rods wider. • This meant they were close to the outer can.

Cavity manufacture • Lancaster and ASTe. C are developing a comapct SRF crab cavity for the LHC upgrade • The structure, manufactured by Niowave was the first compact crab cavity to be tested at high field and has achieved a gradient of 3. 5 MV 5 th November 2013 CI SAC Meeting 4 th – 6 th November 2013 A Wheelhouse

First Tests The first test were performed March 2013. Cavity was not etched after bakeout hence had some surface contamination. FIRST EVER HIGH GRADIENT TEST OF A COMPACT SRF CRAB CAVITY! 5 th November 2013 CI SAC Meeting 4 th – 6 th November 2013 A Wheelhouse

2 nd Test results After a quick buffered chemical polish and ultrapure water high pressure rinse the cavity meets the design gradient.

Stainless Steel FPC We recently discovered that the couplers had accidentally been made from stainless steel instead of copper. To test the effect we simulated a cavity with no losses other than the couplers in frequency domain using the same methods as in the vertical test. Copper Q 0= 7. 189 E 9 Rs = 8. 3 n. Ohms Stainless Steel Q 0=2. 737 E 9 Rs = 22. 0 n. Ohms Recent tests with new couplers confirm this

Cavity welds A mistake was made in machining the rods. To fix this Niowave cut it off and welded a new one on. The magnetic field has a longitudinal component on the weld which is not ideal.

Cryomodule ASTe. C have been developing a flexible cryostat for the LHC crab cavity. The cryostat has to include a beampipe for the opposing beamline and fit in the limited space within LHC. The cryostat is also side loading to allow better access during testing and commissioning A prototype cryomodule is currently being developed to allow cavity testing in the SPS. This will be the worlds first test of a crab cavity on a hadron beam. 5 th November 2013 CI SAC Meeting 4 th – 6 th November 2013 A Wheelhouse

CLIC and CTF 3

Prototypes The 1 st CLIC crab cavity prototype has been manufactured by Shakespeare Engineering in the UK. Tolerance and surface roughness on single parts have been measured. Structure is planned to be tested at SLAC in the near future. The structure being built for high gradient test at CERN has only a single feed as it will not see beam. Cavity is being machined at VDL along with main linac structure to allow comparison of gradients.

Cavity Field Measurements

Surface Fields Esurf Ssurf=(Ex. H)surf • Peak electric and magnetic fields of the dipole mode are located 90 degrees from each other on the iris • Surface Poynting flux Ssurf is however at 45 deg to both E and H Hsurf Property Value Energy stored, J 1 QCu 6395 Rt/Q, Ohm 54. 65 vgr, % -2. 92 Esurf/Et 3. 43 Hsurf/Et 0. 0114 CI-SAC Dec 2011 3. 32 Sc (W/ m 2) • Location of the breakdown on the iris provides critical information about the role of magnetic field in breakdown. • The cavity has a large Sc but relatively low E and H fields at the surface so this also provides an independent verification of new theories.

Compact Accelerators for Cargo scanning applications

Cargo Screening Accelerators Luggage Scanning requires a few tens to hundreds ke. V. This can be delivered by traditional X-ray tubes up to 450 ke. V. Aircraft ULD or pallets are too large for baggage scanners and too small for cargo scanners. Currently searched by hand. Ideal energy is around 1 -2 Me. V but no current source available. Truck or shipping cargo is larger requires ~6 Me. V. Industrial linacs can provide this.

Why X-band? • For a mobile linac mounted on a robotic arm the weight of the linac is critical. • While the linac isn’t very big or heavy the shielding is. • X-band means that the shielding diameter is much less. • Area of shielding is given by • (2 rcavtshield + tshield 2)p • Availability of 9. 3 GHz magnetrons

1 Me. V X-ray linac DC Electron Gun e 2 V collaboration Buncher and Accelerating Structure (1 Me. V) X-ray Target CI Proposal Scope Phase-I Magnetron e 2 V collaboration (8 -12 GHz, 1 -2 MW, 100 -200 Hz) Dynamic switching of amplitude and phase pulse-to-pulse) CI-SAC Dec 2011 Automated Control System (Energy, rep-rate, dose) Proprietary Rapiscan Imaging and Data Analysis

1 Me. V Linac Design Parameter Value Energy 1 Me. V Frequency 9. 3 GHz Length 130 mm Rsh max 116 M /m Pin Pulse Length 433 k. W 4 s Pulse Rate 250 Hz Peak Beam Current 70 m. A Average Beam Power 70 W

Cavity Tuning 0. 0 9. 23 -5. 0 9. 28 9. 33 9. 38 S 11, d. B -10. 0 -15. 0 -20. 0 -25. 0 -30. 0 -35. 0 -40. 0 Freq, GHz water OFF T=19 deg 20 22 25 Ideal profile Structure was found to have poor matching and field flatness. Low beta cells were further off frequency than could be tuned.

Linac Testing So far the linac has produced a 750 ke. V, 1 m. A beam as measured on the spectrometer and Faraday cup/ICT. This is limited by the cavity having the incorrect e-m field pattern.

Modified structure New 490 MHz wide Old 60 MHz wide We have developed a new Xband structure with much greater cell-to-cell coupling to increase tolerances. Simple structure design with no slots to help tolerances (low fields and low voltage make this acceptable)

Cavity measurements • Preliminary measurements of the new structure show good agreement with simulations. Measurement Simulation

Conclusion • The 4 R Crab cavity for LHC was designed that met all specifications, unfortunately it was not selected for LHC. • CI is heavily involved in X-band structures and CLIC and are currently undertaking high gradient tests of X-band crab cavities for CLIC. • Compact Linac work is nearing commercialisation and the new structure from Comeb is performing well in low power measurements.