Community Source Studying the relationships between Developers, Shareholders, and Stakeholders Charles Severance University of Michigan Sakai Chief Architect 10 -15 -2004
“Community source describes a model for the purposeful coordinating of work in a community. It is based on many of the principles of open source development efforts, but community source efforts rely more explicitly on defined roles, responsibilities, and funded commitments by community members than some open source development models. ” …. from www. sakaiproject. org
Models • Commercial – Pure: People. Soft – Commercial GPL/LGPL: My. Sql or Red. Hat – Support of Open Source: Many small companies • Open Source – Open-Open: Jakarta Httpd / Tomcat – Academic GPL: emacs • Community Source – Community Open-Open: Sakai
Actors • End-Users – Students, faculty, staff, employees, etc - just trying to hand in their homework and other mundane tasks • IT Stakeholders – Customers of the software - often IT organizations who purchase and deploy software on behalf of end users. Jobs usually depend on the happiness of end users and upper management. • Developers – The people who produce the software. • Shareholders – The people who profit from the software
Pure Commercial Software Share. Holders • Desire to maximize profit • Make most decisions so as to maximize profit • Have final say in terms of developer priority - usually priorities have to do with profit Commercial Developers • Understand critical link between revenue and paycheck • Focus is on stability of software rather than on features - as such features change slowly • Do not even know stakeholders = Most Powerful in Structure Communication between Stakeholders and Shareholders is in the form of large checks. Stake. Holders • Expect that because so much money is being paid that there is some form of indemnification in return (no one was ever fired for buying Cisco) • Are willing to pay handsomely so as to be able to get good nights sleep • Tell end users that they are using the best product that money can buy • Can resist end-user demands for change because company is unwilling to change There is almost no direct communication between stakeholders and developers because then the developers might actually start changing (and breaking) the software.
Pure Open Source Software Open Source Developers • Type 1: Passionate individual who finds work on this software interesting • Type 2: Paid consultant whose job it is to get a open-source software to pass test suites so as to show that there is an open-source reference implementation • Teams formed based on personal time and motivation or a commercial venture with a short-term agenda • Effort level ebbs and flows depending on commercial needs of the moment • Performance and reliability are second-order issues • Cool features and programming chops rule the day (and night) Stake. Holders • Love the notion that they have free software and source code. • Hate the fact that there is no one to call - “if it breaks you get to keep both pieces” • Look at open source solutions at a moment in time and make a yes/no decision based on state of the software at the moment of analysis • Must self-indemnify by keeping lots of staff with questionable grooming habits “in case” something goes wrong. • Once open source is chosen, may find it hard to sleep at night. • Probably won’t get to keep the savings form the open source decision beyond this fiscal year. There is virtually no communication at all between Stake. Holders and Developers because they operate in completely orthogonal areas of the space-time continuum and if they ever ran across one another - they would not even recognize that they were in the same species.
Commercial In The Middle (Small) Open Source Developers • Nothing really changes • If a developer from commercial support house has chops, we let them fix a few bugs and pat them on the back. • Performance and reliability take a back seat to fun stuff Commercial Support Houses • Money for nothing is a nice Business Model • Keep a small stock of talented folks fed • Most of the time you are totally bored playing multi-player games • Some of the time, you jump on a plane and put out a fire at a customer site • Once in a great while you get sued, go out of business, wait a few weeks and start a new business Stake. Holders • Have someone to call • Tell their management and users that we have indemnification • Since this is commercial and it is paid for, it must be good (aka Ostrich) • Secretly know that the indemnification only goes so far • Works best when stakeholder does not think too much about their situation. • Pretty safe for smaller organizations because no one is ever really fired for bad decisions
Commercial In The Middle (Large) Open Source Developers • Not really the main event • Thanks for the bug fixes guys Commercial Support Houses • We write this software • It is fast and reliable • We are professional developers who will be around for a while • We have decided that publishing source is good marketing • We have decided that giving software away to cheapskates is better than having them steal the software or use something else. • Start them off free, move them toward the pay stuff • If they don’t pay enough voluntarily, use F. U. D. to increase revenue. Stake. Holders • Really have someone to call • Indemnification is real and has a very clear price • A decision can be made based on the value of a good night’s sleep. • If the company engages in constant F. U. D. operations you bite the bullet, pay the ransom, grit your teeth and hope for something better to appear someday. • If the company uses F. U. D. sparingly and keeps prices reasonable - this can be very stable. This configuration usually lasts less than 10 years in the honeymoon state. At about 10 years, the number of Vice Presidents exceed the number of actual workers. To keep up the Lamborgini payments prices must rise, but then stakeholders switch to the free versions, so the company upps its F. U. D. campaign intensity. This either tends toward pure commercial or has a blow-out.
Community Source Secondary Stakeholders • At least the core developers have to be responsible for reliability and performance • The core developers have a boss who can be complained to • Can pay some money to Core to get “indemnification” • Can contribute to the Core “in kind” • Can join the core with enough commitment • Can pay Commercial Support for “extra indemnification”. Open Source Developers • Can participate in the process based on contributions and chops Core Stakeholders • It turns out that they actually have a lot of money and programmers • If they pool resources, we would be instantly larger than many small commercial R&D operations. • Tired of writing big checks, and begging for features • Form coalition of the “committed” • Get quite excited when developers start doing what they are told. • Must learn that this is harder than it looks - must gain company-like skills. • Actually responsible for both the development and production of the software. • Quality and Usability is a priority to Stakeholders and as such will not be ignored Commercial Support • At least the core developers have to be responsible for reliability and performance • The core developers have a boss who can be complained to • Can pay some money to the Core for some “indemnification” • Can make money from secondary stakeholders Core Developers • Work for the stakeholders so they want to make the Stakeholders happy Issues: How can this be kept stable after founders reduce commitment? If successful, what stops this from going commercial? What is the right license for the IP produced as part of the Core? What types of software is appropriate for this? Payroll software?
Sakai and Community Source • Sakai is defining Community Source – Commitment to collaboratively build, deploy and share a single collaborative learning solution across 4(6) campuses Fall 2005. – Clever choice of application • Commercial competitors are not giving strong value versus price • Learning and research collaboration is part of the University core mission - makes it logical to develop in house. – Diverse management and technical talents on the team makes the team stronger (discussions are lively at times) • This is not as easy as it looks but so far the benefits outweigh the costs. • It is like a marriage - you have to keep working on the relationships all the time. • When it works, it is a beautiful thing
Скачать презентацию Community Source Studying the relationships between Developers Shareholders
77c42dd7d0f14effe651b1ad402ce90d.ppt