Communication and Navigation Systems Christina De Lorenzo Joe

Communication and Navigation Systems Christina De. Lorenzo Joe Ferrante Senior Design Team 2 September 28, 2006

Navigation “If you don’t know where you’re going how do you know when you’ve gotten there? ” Yes, this is the most important part of the aircraft!!!

Navigation – The essentials l l l Sec. 25. 1303 - Flight and navigation instruments. (a) The following flight and navigation instruments must be installed so that the instrument is visible from each pilot station: (1) A free air temperature indicator or an air-temperature indicator which provides indications that are convertible to free-air temperature. (2) A clock displaying hours, minutes, and seconds with a sweep-second pointer or digital presentation. (3) A direction indicator (nonstabilized magnetic compass). (b) The following flight and navigation instruments must be installed at each pilot station: (1) An airspeed indicator. If airspeed limitations vary with altitude, the indicator must have a maximum allowable airspeed indicator showing the variation of VMO with altitude. (2) An altimeter (sensitive). (3) A rate-of-climb indicator (vertical speed). (4) A gyroscopic rate-of-turn indicator combined with an integral slip-skid indicator (turnand-bank indicator) except that only a slip-skid indicator is required on large airplanes with a third attitude instrument system useable through flight attitudes of 360° of pitch and roll and installed in accordance with § 121. 305(k) of this title. (5) A bank and pitch indicator (gyroscopically stabilized). (6) A direction indicator (gyroscopically stabilized, magnetic or nonmagnetic).

Navigation Aids Frequency's Instrument Landing System (ILS) Weight Pro's Con's 108 -117. 95 MHz VHF Omin. Directional Beacon (VOR) Cost $3000 -$5000* 4 - 6 lbs accurate to +/- 0. 35 deg multiple ground stations to cover large areas $50 k-$240 k** 1 -13 lbs 90 Hz, 150 Hz, 108111. 975 MHz, 328. 6 -335. 4 Mhz required for instrument landing sensitive to obstructions, complex/costly ground setup Non-Directional Beacon (NDB/ADF) 190 -535 k. Hz $5000 -$10 k*** . 5 - 3 lbs*** small ground footprint required Susceptible to atmospheric and terrain bounce Distance Measureing Equipment (DME) 1025 -1150 MHz $5000 - $20 k 2 - 6 lbs accurate to 185 m Doesn't account for altitude. Replacing with GPS Global Positioning System (GPS) 1176 - 1841 MHz $5000 - $18 k 3 - 6 lbs accurate to 1 m. No ground support required None *Combined Nav/Com system **Electronic Flight Instrument System ***NDB/ADF units usually combined with other navaids

Radio Communications l FAR 25. 1307 requires: l l l Radios operate from 3 KHz-3 GHz High Frequency (3 -30 MHz) l l For communicating over 1000 miles or more Very High Frequency (30 -300 MHz)/Ultra High Frequency (300 MHz-3 GHz) l l Two systems for two-way radio communications, with controls for each accessible from each pilot station, designed and installed so that failure of one system will not preclude operation of the other system. The use of a common antenna system is acceptable if adequate reliability is shown. Communicate with things in line of sight Control Towers Other aircraft http: //www. rockwellcollins. com/products/gov/defense_comm/ra dio-communications/vhf-uhf/page 6876. html AN-ARC(210) commonly used (30 -512 MHz) l C-17, C-130 use LOS or SATCOM l Weight about 30 lbs. l http: //www. rockwellcollins. com/products/gov/defense_comm/radiocommunications/hf/index. html

Software Defined Radio (SDR) l l Next Generation Tactical Radios Joint Tactical Radio Systems (JTRS) l l Voice, Data, Video Family of radios for all services l l l Interoperable, affordable and scaleable Current systems have insufficient bandwidth Open system architecture http: //www. rockwellcollins. com/products/gov/defense_ comm/sdr/jtrs/index. html

Identification Systems l l l Electronic system that helps identify other aircraft as friend or foe (IFF) FAA requires all aircraft that fly above 10, 000 ft to have IFF Transponders have multiple modes l l 1, 2, 3, A, 4, 5, C, S Modes 1, 2, 4, 5 are military only Provides altitude, mission codes, ID codes Raytheon AN/APX-100 Transponder used in many platforms l Including C-17, C-130 http: //www. raytheon. com/products/apx 10 0_v/

Common IFF System Specs AN/APX-100 AN/APX-121 AN/APX-109 CIT Power (Vdc) 18 -30 28 28 Voltage (Watts) 30 50 150 5. 375 X 5. 12 x 8. 375 6. 0 X 8. 30 X 15. 5 Dimensions (in) 5. 375 X (H X W XD ) 5. 375 x 8. 375 Weight (lbs) 10 10 34 Manufacturer Raytheon Northrop • IFF Transponders allow military to identify friendly forces, multiple systems to identify aircraft • Combined Interrogator/Transponder houses this in one system

Sources l l l http: //www. rockwellcollins. com/ecat/gs/Communication_Systems. html? smenu=101 http: //www. rockwellcollins. com/products/gov/defense_comm/index. html http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe http: //www. dean-boys. com/extras/iffqa. html http: //www. nsd. es. northropgrumman. com/Automated/products/AN_APX_121_V_Mode_S_Mark_XII_ IFF_Transponder. html l http: //www. rockwellcollins. com/ecat/gs/AN_ARC-220. html#N 17632 l http: //www. nsd. es. northropgrumman. com/Automated/products/APX-109. html http: //www. raytheon. com/products/apx 100_v/ http: //www. honeywell. com/sites/aero/Communication_Navigation_Systems. htm http: //ecfr. gpoaccess. gov/cgi/t/textidx? c=ecfr; sid=36 fd 560 a 49716 dba 377 e 730 b 9 a 4 fedda; rgn=div 8; view=text; node=14%3 A 1. 0. 1. 3. 11. 6. 192. 4; idno=14; cc=ecfr http: //www. centennialofflight. gov/essay/Evolution_of_Technology/navigation_tech/Tech 33. htm http: //www. centennialofflight. gov/essay/Dictionary/Inertial_Nav_System/DI 102. htm http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Inertial_navigation http: //www. nsd. es. northropgrumman. com/Automated/sitemap/index. html http: //www. risingup. com/fars/exec/FARsearch. cgi http: //www. avionix. com/movmap. html https: //www 3. bendixking. com/static/catalog/index. jsp http: //www. gaservingamerica. org/how_work/work_navigation. htm http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Instrument_flight_rules l l l