COLONIAL AMERICA Unit IB AP U S History

COLONIAL AMERICA Unit IB AP U. S. History

England ► Defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588 makes England a superior naval power ► Population increases ► Joint-stock companies develop ► Religious conflicts divide the nation ► Weak monarchs, civil wars, and revolutions

English Colonies ► Charters ► Corporate Colony § Granted a charter to stockholders § Ex. Virginia ► Proprietary Colony § Granted a charter to individual or group § Ex. Maryland, Pennsylvania ► Royal § § § Colony Under direct control of the monarch Ex. New Hampshire Eventually, 8 of the 13 colonies became royal colonies, including Virginia and Massachusetts

The First English Colonies ► First Attempt: Roanoke in 1585 ► First Permanent: Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 § John Smith – “he that will not work shall not eat” § John Rolfe - tobacco

Who is this?

Oh yeah…Pocahontas

Disney’s John Smith

Hollywood’s John Smith

This is John Smith.

Pilgrims ► Separatists to Holland then head for Virginia ► Mayflower takes Separatists and others to Jamestown but weather complicates matters ► Settlers decide to remain and establish Plymouth (1620)

Mayflower Compact

The Mayflower (II)

Look, a big rock.

Wampanoag Dwelling

Plymouth Colony

Thirteen Colonies

New England ► Massachusetts Bay Colony and Puritans § John Winthrop and “city upon a hill” ► Providence, (1636) (1630) Rhode Island, and Roger Williams § “Wall of separation” ► Portsmouth and § Antinomianism ► Hartford, Anne Hutchinson (1638) New Haven, Connecticut, and Thomas Hooker (1636 -1637) ► New Hampshire (1679)

New England Religion Massachusetts under strict Puritanical lifestyle ► Religious toleration and dissent lead to Rhode Island ► Halfway Covenant ► § Attempt to increase members ► Salem Witch Trials (16921693) § Cotton Mather § Spectral evidence

New England Politics ► Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) § First written constitution in America ► Relations with Natives § New England Confederation (1643 -1684) ► Defense alliance among Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Haven ► King Philip’s (Metacom) War (1675 -1676) § New England Confederation defeats Wampanoag alliance

Middle Colonies ► Development § New Amsterdam transferred to Duke of York in 1664 to become New York § Lands taken from New York to establish New Jersey by 1702 § Pennsylvania settled by Quakers § Delaware created by Pennsylvania (1702) ► Economics § Develop wheat and corn farms ► “Bread basket” of the colonies § Eventually into manufacturing and trade

Pennsylvania ► William Penn (1681) ► Religious Society of Friends aka Quakers ► Holy Experiment § § Religious refuge Liberal political ideals Economic success Frame of Government and Charter of Liberties

Southern Colonies ► Maryland (1634) ► Virginia (1607) ► Carolinas (1663) § North Carolina (1729) § South Carolina (1729) ► Georgia (1732)

Virginia Jamestown (1607) ► House of Burgesses in 1619 ► § First legislative assembly in the colonies Becomes royal colony in 1624 ► Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) ► § Inequities between large landowners and western farmers § Nathanial Bacon vs. William Berkeley ► Headright System § 50 acres to each paying immigrant or plantation owner who paid for immigrant

Maryland ► Lord Baltimore establishes colony for Catholics ► Act of Toleration (1649) § Toleration of all Christian sects § Death to those who denied Jesus ► Religious civil war brought control to Protestants

Carolinas ► North Carolina § Tobacco plantations § Well-established autonomy ► South Carolina § Rice plantations § Became heavily dependent on slavery

Georgia ► James Oglethorpe establishes in 1732 § Social experiment ► Defensive buffer to Spanish Florida ► Debtors colony

Colonial Religion Diverse among colonies regarding strict adherence and religious toleration ► Protestant dominant ► § Limited Anglican ► The Great Awakening (1730 s 1740 s) § Jonathan Edwards ► “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” § George Whitefield § Evangelism

Colonial Religion

Colonial Politics ► Limited Self-Government § Elected bicameral legislative assemblies § Governors § Local governments ► Voting § Limited to adult male educated and/or property owners ► Freedom of Expression § John Peter Zenger Case (1735)

Dominion of New England (1686 -1689) Established by King James II to consolidate colonies ► Administrative union of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey ► Governor Edmund Andros ► Dissolution ►

Colonial Society ► American § § Social Structure Wealthy landowners Merchants Small farmers Craftspeople ► Opportunity § Less dependent on heredity ► Gender Roles § Men ► Patriarchal society, landowners, workers § Women ► Submissive to men but respected, domestic responsibilities, limited to no political rights

Colonial American Culture ► Becoming American § Pragmatism ► Dominance of English culture ► Folkways § Differed by coast/frontier, New England/Middle/Southern colonies

Colonial Culture - The Arts ► Architecture § Early colonies centered around a church § Urban structures typical of English structures § Frontier log cabins ► Painting § Portrait painters and landscapes ► Literature § Newspapers § Religious sermons, political essays, non-fiction books § Poor Richard’s Almanac Benjamin Franklin

Typical Colony Layout

Colonial Culture - Education ► Limited to wealthy males; females learned domestic chores ► Higher Education § Most established for ministry/theological studies ► New England Colonies § Education by mothers § Towns with over 50 families required primary schools; 100, grammar schools ► Middle Colonies § Private and church education ► Southern Colonies § Limited education due to agricultural lifestyle

Settlement and Migration ► ► ► 250, 000 in 1701 to 2. 5 million in 1775 Europeans and Africans along with a high birth rate Reasons: religion; economics; political turmoil English, Germans (Pennsylvania Dutch), Scottish, Irish, Dutch, Swedish OLD IMMIGRANTS Africans forced to America; suffered discrimination and slave labor

Colonial Slavery ► Indentured servitude ► Why Slaves? § Increased wages in England § Labor shortages lead to importing slaves § Cheap labor § Dependable work force ► Slave Rebellions and Reactions § Stono Rebellion/Cato Rebellion (1739) § New York “Conspiracy” (1741) § Slave laws

Slave Demographics

Colonial Economics ► Mercantilism § Colonies for the “Mother Country” ► Acts of Navigation § Trade on English ships § Imports pass English ports § Exports to England Molasses Act (1733) ► Triangular Trade ► § Middle Passage

Colonial Economics ► Land was “gold” ► No established monetary system (gold and silver) ► Transportation § Rivers and coasts § Horse and carriage led to taverns and postal services ► New England § Limited land led to shipbuilding, fishing, trading ► Middle Colonies § Wheat and corn fields; manufacturing and trade ► Southern Colonies § Tobacco, rice, indigo plantations based on forced labor

PUROPOSE DATE FOUNDER MAJOR EXPORT VIRGINIA commercial 1607 Virginia Company John Smith Tobacco PLYMOUTH/ MASSACHUSETTS Religious refuge/ commercial 1620/ 1628 William Bradford/ Massachusetts Bay Company John Winthrop Grain, timber NEW YORK commercial 1613 (1664) Peter Stuveysant (Duke of York) Furs, grain NEW HAMPSHIRE commercial 1623 John Mason Timber, naval stores RHODE ISLAND Religious refuge 1636 Roger Williams Grain CONNECTICUT expansion 1635 Thomas Hooker Grain PENNSYLVANIA Religious refuge 1681 William Penn Quakers Grain DELAWARE commercial 1638 (1681) Peter Minuit/ William Penn Grain MARYLAND Religious refuge 1634 Lord Baltimore Catholics Tobacco NORTH CAROLINA commercial 1663 Anthony Cooper Tobacco, timber, naval stores SOUTH CAROLINA commercial 1663 Anthony Cooper Rice, indigo, naval stores GEORGIA Buffer, experiment 1733 James Oglethorpe Rice, timber, naval stores () - Becomes an English colony