COLD WAR TRUMAN TO NIXON RESULTS OF

COLD WAR TRUMAN TO NIXON

RESULTS OF WW 2: • • • 1. Death toll 2. Nuclear Age US=superpower 3. Re-alignment of world powers 4. Onset of the Cold War 5. European/Asian Destruction 6. Divided Germany (lasted for over 40 years) 7. Occupation of Eastern Europe by Soviet Union. 8. Beginning of modern Civil Rights movement. 9. National debt sky-rocketed to new levels. $250, 000 10. “GI Bill of Rights”—Servicemen’s Readjustment Act 11. Holocaust

TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT • POST WW 2 • US and Soviet Relations – Capitalism v. Communism – Soviet distrust • Organizations created – IMF – International Bank for Reconstruction – UN • Nuremberg Trials “War Crimes” Tribunal -- 21 Nazi leaders • 1946—Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech ushers in the Cold War • 1947 Taft-Hartley – Labor-Management Relations Act • Containment Policy—”Truman Doctrine” (George Kennan) • 1947 Marshall Plan – Economic recovery for Europe – European Community—Common Market—European Union – $12. 5 Billion

TRUMAN’S DOMESTIC POLICIES • • • 1947 Presidential Succession Act – New order of succession: VP, Spkr. of the House, Pres. Pro Temp, Cabinet Depts. 1947 Civil Rights Commission Report – Called For: • Federal Laws to protect voting rights • End segregation on public transportation • Lynching a Fed. crime • Create Fair Employment Practices Committee – Results: • Truman endorsed it. • Congress rejected it. • HT used Executive Order: Desegregated the military/ Fed. Hiring practices 1947 National Security Act – Department of Defense--Sec. of Defense – Created Joint Chiefs of Staff/established the Air Force. – National Security Council created. – Established the CIA – Atomic Energy Commission 1948 Berlin Crisis 1948 Selective Service System – Men 19 -25 – 2 yrs. Active duty

ELECTION OF 1948 Candidates: Split in Democratic Party: Issues: Results: Trivia: • TRUMAN’S 2 ND TERM • Domestic Issues: • 1949 The Fair Deal • 1949 New Red Scare • • • – – – Alger Hiss Case Dennis v. US, 1949. 1950 Mc. Carran Internal Security Act 1950 Mc. Carthy Hearings 1951 Rosenberg Trial 1952 Mc. Carran-Walter Act

FOREIGN AFFAIRS • • By end of 1949 the Containment Policy appeared to be failing 1949 NATO created 1949 “Point 4” program announced. 1950 Korean War starts: – June 24—North Korean troops crossed the 38 N parallel invaded South Korea. – June 25—UN Security Council voted to defend S. Korea. (passed because Soviet delegate was boycotting the UN because the UN would not seat Communist China) – American troops under UN command—Gen. Douglas Mac. Arthur appointed UN Commander-in Chief. – Sept. 10 -- UN forces retreat to Pusan. – Sept. 15—Mac. Arthur lands at Inchon. – Oct. UN forces drive N. Korean army north of 38 th parallel and eventually reach Yalu River. Mac. Arthur asks permission to invade China—denied. – Nov. 26—Communist Chinese troops invade N. Korea, UN troops pushed back to Seoul by Jan. 1951 – Spring 1951 UN troops push N. Korean troops back to 38 th parallel – Mac. Arthur requests the use of tactical nuclear weapons against Chinese positions—denied. – Mac. Arthur questions Truman’s leadership. – April 1951—Truman relieves Mac. Arthur of his command

• June 1951– Peace talks begin/ war is stalemated/ Gen. Matt Ridgeway new Cmdr. • Nov. 1952– US explodes first Hydrogen Bomb • ELECTION OF 1952 • Candidates: • Issues: • Results: • Eisenhower’s 1 st Term • 1953 Korean War Fighting Ends – Apr. 1953—”Operation Little Switch” – May 1953—US threatened atomic bomb unless peace talks pick up – July 1953—Armistice signed @ Panmunjon • “New Look” foreign policy – Sec. of State John Foster Dulles—aimed at “rolling back” Communist gains, use military not economic incentives, relied on “Massive Retaliation”, --Brinkmanship – 1953—USSR detonates H-Bomb – Critics called ‘brinkmanship” M A D “Mutually Assured Destruction”

IKE’S FIRST TERM CONTINUED • 1953 Problems in Southeast Asia – – • 1954 The Formosa Crisis – – – • Vietnam Aid to France Battle of Dienbienphu-1954 Geneva Conference Dispute between China and Taiwan (Nationalist China) over 2 islands. Ike ordered in US fleet Sec. of State Dulles brokered a cease-fire Creation of SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) Also ANZUS—Australia, New Zealand, US CENTO—Iran, Pakistan 1953 -1956 Relations with Europe – Minor “Thaw” in the Cold War • End of Korean War • Death of Stalin—internal power struggle more of concern to USSR – 1955 Geneva “Summit Conference” • USA, GB, Fr. , USSR • “Open Skies” proposal • Russian occupation of Austria ends.

Ike’s Presidency continued • • 1954 Paris Agreement—USA, GB, Fra. -- Unified West Germany 1954 St. Lawrence Seaway—joint project US/Canada, completed 1959. 1956 Hungarian Revolt • – – – • Anti-communist uprising (Oct. 23 -Nov. 4) Rebels called for US aid—received none Soviet army crushed the revolt. 1956 Suez Crisis Causes: Steps of the crisis: Results of the crisis: DOMESTIC ISSUES 1954 -1958 “Eisenhower Prosperity” 1954 Minimum wage increased to $1. 00 1954 -56 Civil Rights Brown v. Board of Education, 1954. 1955 Montgomery Bus boycott—Rosa Parks 1956 SCLC organized by Martin Luther King 1956 Elvis Presley appears on Ed Sullivan Show

1 st TERM Domestic Policies continued • 1955 Eisenhower’s first heart attack • 1955 AFL-CIO merger—labor’s way of combating Taft-Hartley – Largest labor union in history. • 1955 Jonas Salk –Polio Vaccine • 1955 Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare created. (HEW) – Should government provide polio vaccine to all schools? – Sec. of HEW—no!! Socialized medicine through backdoor • 1956 Agricultural Adjustment Act – “Soil Bank”—solve surplus crop problem • 1956 Mc. Donald’s Corporation—San Diego, Ray Kroc – Revolutionized “fast food” industry – – ELECTION OF 1956 Candidates Issues Results

IKE’S 2 ND TERM • • Major events of his 2 nd term: FOREIGN AFFAIRS “Eisenhower Doctrine” – Spread of Communism into the Near and Middle East – US troops to Lebanon 1958 1957 “Space Race” begins – USSR launched Sputnik I – 1957 – Sputnik II – Results: 1958 Berlin Crisis—Nikita Khrushchev – USSR demands all NATO troops out of Berlin or Russian army will be sent in. WW 3? ? – Eisenhower invites Khrushchev to Camp David 1958 -1961 Problems with Latin America – Nixon’s “Goodwill Tour”-nightmare, why? ? 1959 Cuban Revolution – Fidel Castro overthrows US backed Fulgencio Batista – 1960— Castro announces he is a communist after appearing on Jack Paar’s Tonight Show. 1960 U 2 Affair – USSR announced they shot down US spy plane – US denied it – USSR displays wreckage—US says it was weather plane – USSR displays pilot Francis Gary Powers – US finally admits it. – Results

DOMESTIC ISSUES • Civil Rights • • • 1957 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Little Rock School Crisis 1960 Civil Rights Act 1960 First “Sit-In” demonstration 1960 SNCC created 1956 Federal Highway Act • Other Domestic Events • • • 1958 Recession of 1958 Sherman Adams’ Scandal 1959 Alaska and Hawai’i join the Union 1959 Landrum-Griffin Labor Reform Act 1961 Eisenhower’s Farewell Address

THE VIETNAM ERA 1960 -1974 • THE ELECTION OF 1960 • Candidates: Issues: • Trivia/significance: • • Results: MAJOR EVENTS OF KENNEDY’S ADMINISTRATION 1961 -1963 DOMESTIC ISSUES: Inaugural Address: 1961 -1963 Civil Rights Movement – – – – 1960 -61: Freedom Rides Freedom Now 1962 FHA Executive Order 1962 Integration of University of Mississippi 1963 Birmingham Police Riot 1963 Kennedy’s Civil Rights Speech 1963 “March on Washington” 1963 Integration of other Southern Universities.

• DOMESTIC ISSUES CONTINUED: • 1961— 23 rd Amendment ratified • 1962 -63 “Judicial Activism” era Warren Court – – – 1962 Engle v. Vitale—school prayer 1963 Gideon v. Wainwright—right to an attorney 1963 Mapp v. Ohio—exclusionary rule of evidence 1963 Miranda v. Arizona– right to remain silent ** (LBJs) 1964 Reynolds v. Sims– “one man, one vote” Size of Congressional Districts the same. – **1964 Loving v. Virginia • • • 1962 Food and Agriculture Act 1961 -63 Recall of Silver Certificates 1962 Trade Expansion Act 1962 Congressional Elections 1963 New Frontier Programs 1963 The Steel Settlement • FOREIGN AFFAIRS • 1961 -1963 Space race continued

• Space race— – – – – • • • Jan. 1961 US Chimp into space Apr. 1961 Soviet Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin orbits earth. May 1961 US Astronaut Alan Shepard 15 min. spaceflight (Project Mercury) May 1961 JFK announces plans to land man on the moon by 1969. 1961 (Soviet) Gherman Titov 17 orbits July 1961 (US) Gus Grissom suborbital flight, capsule sank on impact Feb. 1962 (US) John Glenn 3 orbits May 1963 Project Mercury ended 1961 Peace Corps created 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion 1961 Dealings with Russia 1961 Alliance for Progress 1961 -1963 Southeast Asia – 1961 US sent 15, 000 advisors to Viet Nam – 1962 US sent advisors into Laos – 1963 Coup d’etat in Saigon– Ngo Diem assassinated • Oct. 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis • 1963 US-USSR Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed

• The Feminine Mystique Betty Friedan (Hand book of the women’s rights movement) • 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Nov. 22, 1963 Kennedy assassinated • Warren Report • Lyndon Johnson becomes President of the United States.

JOHNSON’S FIRST TERM 1963 -1965 • Domestic Issues: • Civil Rights Movement – “Freedom Summer”—voters registration drive • 24 th Amendment • Civil Rights Act 1964 • 1964 “War on Poverty” Program – Taxes – Job Corps – “Vista” • Appalachia Bill • Impeach Warren movement

FOREIGN AFFAIRS • Space Race 1963 -1965 – Russia launches 3 man capsule – Aleksey Leonov “walk in space” • • Panama Crisis 1964 Viet Nam War Expands 1964 – Gulf of Tonkin incident Aug. – Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Election of 1964 – – • • Candidates Issues Results Importance Johnson’s 2 nd Term 1965 -1969 Domestic Issues – “Great Society” programs

Johnson’s 2 nd Term • 25 th Amendment • Ralph Nader published Unsafe at Any Speed • Civil Rights Movement – Assassination (attempts) of Black Leaders • Voting Rights Act • Civil Rights Act 1968 Foreign Affairs: • • US takes lead in Space Race Intervention in Santo Domingo Nuclear Proliferation Treaty 1965 -1968—Vietnam War Escalates – Operation Rolling Thunder 1965 – Public Opinion – Jan 1968 Tet Offensive – My Lai massacre – Public opinion turns against LBJ, almost loses NH primary – RFK announces his candidacy for president-anti-war platform – June 5, 1968—RFK assassinated.

FOREIGN AFFAIRS CONT’D • • • Mar. 1968 LBJ’s “Broadcast to America” USS Pueblo incident 6 Day War Israel v. Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Lebanon Soviet Union invades Czechoslovakia THE ’ 60 S » Music: Mo Town, British Invasion, California Beach Music, Protest songs, Woodstock Music Festival – Counter-Culture • Hippies • Election of 1968 – – – Candidates Problem with Democratic Party Issues Campaign Results Importance

Richard Nixon’s Presidency 1 st term • Foreign Affairs: – Man Landed on the Moon July 20, 1969 – Vietnam War continued – “Vietnamization” Program announced – The Cambodian Incursion • Kent State • Jackson State – Pentagon Papers published – Sec. of State Kissinger’s “Peace at Hand” 1972 – Escalation of the war Nov. 1972 -- Détente with USSR/China -- Visit to China-- Mao -- SALT I Treaty with Soviets-- Brezhnev

Nixon’s First Term (continued) Domestic Issues: Nixon and the Supreme Court Roe v. Wade, 1971. Environmental Crusade Silent Spring Rachel Carson 1 st Earth Day— April 22 26 th Amendment Revenue Sharing Program 1971 Economic Policy Causes: Policies Assassination attempt on George Wallace Watergate Scandal begins (June 1972) Election of 1972 Candidates, Issues, Results

NIXON’S 2 ND TERM 1973 -1974 • FOREIGN AFFAIRS: – Nixon visited Russia May 1973 – Nixon visited China Feb. 1973 – Peace talks intensify in Paris – Jan 27, 1973—Vietnam War ends Paris Peace Accord – Yom Kippur War Oct. 1973 – Arab Oil Embargo OPEC • DOMESTIC ISSUES: – Draft ended – The War Powers Act – Watergate scandal widened – Justice Dept. investigation of Nixon’s presidency – VP Spiro Agnew resigns Oct. 1973 – Gerald Ford appointed VP. – Special Prosecutor appointed “Saturday Night Massacre” – House Hearings— 3 counts of impeachment passed – Aug 8, 1974 -- Nixon resigns – Gerald Ford sworn in as the new president.

FORD’S PRESIDENCY • Domestic events: – Appointed Nelson Rockefeller as VP – Pardoned Nixon of all federal crimes he committed or may have committed as president – 1974—Draft Amnesty announced – Inflation reached 12%--vetoed 50 spending bills designed to stimulate the economy—”WIN” – March– IU defeats Michigan to win its 3 rd NCAA title – US Bicentennial celebration—July 4, 1976 • Foreign Affairs – April 1975—South Vietnam falls – May 1975—Mayaguez Incident – Helsinki Accords – ELECTION OF 1976 • Candidates, Issues, Results