CO 2 geological storage in saline formations Auli

CO 2 geological storage in saline formations Auli Niemi Uppsala University Department of Earth Sciences Hydrologidagarna 2014 -03 -18 Stockhoms Universitet

Outline • What is CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) • Key processes • Key issues and challenges • Ongoing research projects at Uppsala University

Principle of CO 2 storage in saline aquifer > 800 m CO 2 Brine Several kilometers A sufficiently impermeable seal (cap rock) A sufficiently permeable reservoir rock Supercritical CO 2

Estimate of role of CCS in reducing atmospheric CO 2 Source: IEA

Options for Geological Storage IPCC, 2005 • deep saline aquifers • depleted oil and gas fields • unmineable coal seams • other options (e. g. basalts) Depleted oil/gas fields: - Well understood, lot of data, EOR possibility, proven capability to hold hydrocarbons - Extensively drilled (leaks? ), not sufficient volumetric capacity Deep saline formations - Largest overall capacity - Less previous data, not as well demonstrated (sealing capacity)

Global distribution of CO 2 sources IEA GHG, 2002 Geographic distribution of large stationary sources Distribution of sources by sector

Distribution of CO 2 sources in Sweden/Baltic Distribution of sources by sector Geographic distribution of large stationary sources

Potential areas for storage Prospective areas in sedimentary basins world-wide (IPCC, 2005). Prospective areas in sedimentary basins in Swedish territory (after Henkel et al, Erlström et al, 2011)

How is CO 2 stored in the deep aquifer?

How is CO 2 stored in the deep aquifer? CO 2 gets physically trapped beneath the sealing cap-rock and low permeability layers

How is CO 2 stored in the deep aquifer? CO 2 gets physically trapped beneath the sealing cap-rock and low permeability layers CO 2 gets trapped as immobile isolated residual ’blobs’ in the pore space

How is CO 2 stored in the deep aquifer? CO 2 gets physically trapped beneath the sealing cap-rock and low permeability layers CO 2 gets trapped as immobile isolated residual ’blobs’ in the pore space CO 2 dissolves into water

How is CO 2 stored in the deep aquifer? CO 2 gets physically trapped beneath the sealing cap-rock and low permeability layers CO 2 gets trapped as immobile isolated residual ’blobs’ in the pore space CO 2 dissolves into water CO 2 converts into solid minerals

GCCSI identified (mostly planned) large scale projects

Sleipner (North Sea) project • longest running environmentally motivated CCS project • operating since 1996 • Ideal storage reservoir (uniform, thick, extensive, high porosity, high permeability reservoir layer, thick seal of shale

Seismic monitoring to observe the plume at Sleipner T. Torp, 2011

Computer modeling matches the observed plume behavior - Sleipner Myer, 2012

Weyburn (Canada) project • EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) purposes • largest amount stored so far • seismic monitoring has been succesful here too

In Salah (Alger) • Gas field, injection since 2004, stored 2. 5 Million Ton • Application of seismic monitoring challenging • In. Sar maps of surface deformation together with geomechanical modeling key to understanding CO 2 migration

EU roadmap to CCS implementation

Key challenges Technical Non-technical • Storage capacity • Financial uncertainty • Cost - primarily capture • Regulatory uncertainty • Possible environmental risks • Public acceptance - leakage - brine migration and pressure increase - mechanical integrity, induced seismicity • Infrastructure

CCS work at Uppsala University • Extensive participation to EU R&D projects • Studies in Sweden; - two pre-feasibility studies during 2012 -2013 financed by Energimyndigheten (Swedstore. CO 2 and Bastor)

Our Ongoing EU R&D projects MUSTANG – large-scale integrating project for quantifying Saline Aquifers for CO 2 Geological Storage (2009 -2014) - Coordinator Panacea – project focusing on long term effects of CO 2 Geological Storage (2012 -2014) - WP leader (led by EWRE, Israel) TRUST – project continuing and expanding the field experiment of MUSTANG (Nov. 2012 -Nov 2017) - WP leader (led by EWRE, Israel) CO 2 QUEST – project focusing on effect of impurities of CO 2 stream (March 2013 - Feb 2016) - WP leader (led by UCL, England)

Uppsala led large EU R&D Project - MUSTANG • MUSTANG (www. co 2 mustang. eu) • Develop methodology and understanding for the quantification of saline aquifers for CO 2 geological storage Test sites • Large scale integrating project, 19 partners, 24 affiliated organizatons • 7 test sites including one deep injection experiment and one shallow injection experiment of CO 2, as well as strong laboratory experiment, process understanding and modeling components

MUSTANG PARTNERS MUSTANG SIRAB

Understranding the site properties Contributing: UU, SGU, UNOTT, CSIC, LIAG, UGÖTT, GII, IIT, EWRE, UB, CNRS, UEDIN

Example – South Scania Site Sweden Contributing: UU, SGU

Improving the field testing methods CO 2 Injectionmonitoring –sampling system Geophysical methods Interface-specific tracers Contributing: UU, UGÖTT, GII, EWRE, CNRS, Imageau, Solexperts, Vibrometric, CSIC

Laboratory Experiments - Synopsis Laboratory Experiments Percolation bench Caprock samples Reservoir rock samples Brine-CO 2 mixture properties Reservoir properties Fractured caprock alteration Claystone 1 mm Initial state Contributing: CNRS, UGÖTT, KIT, UEDIN, UU 20 mm

Improving simulation models Example - – Saturation – Porosity after calcite dissolution Saaltnik et al, 2012 Ca. CO 3(s) + H+ = Ca 2+ + HCO 3− CO 2(aq) = CO 2(g) H+ + HCO 3− = H 2 O + CO 2(aq) Na. Cl(s) = Na+ + Cl− HCO 3− = H+ + CO 32 H 2 O = H+ + OH−

Heletz deep CO 2 injection experiment Scientifically motivated CO 2 injection experiment of sc. CO 2 injection to a reservoir layer at 1600 m depth, with sophisticated monitoring and sampling

CO 2 injection experiment Objectives • To gain understanding and develop methods to determine the two key trapping mechanisms of CO 2 (residual trapping and dissolution trapping) at field scale, impact of heterogeneity • Validation of predictive models, measurement and monitoring techniques wells for field experiments

Determine in-situ residual and dissolution trapping parameters 1. push-pull injection-withdrawal of sc. CO 2 and brine 2. dipole sc. CO 2, brine & tracers sc CO 2 zone of residual trapped sc. CO 2 q Reduced influence of formation heterogeneity q Hydraulic tests q Thermal tests q Tracer tests q Heterogeneity affects migration and trapping residual & dissolution trapping, (& interfacial area)

Our Ongoing EU R&D projects MUSTANG – large-scale integrating project for quantifying Saline Aquifers for CO 2 Geological Storage (2009 -2014) - http: //www. co 2 mustang. eu (Uppsala coordinator, closing meeting in Uppsala May 26 -27, 2014) Panacea – project focusing on long term effects of CO 2 Geological Storage (2012 -2014) - http: //panacea-co 2. org/ TRUST – project continuing and expanding the field experiment of MUSTANG (Nov. 2012 -Nov 2017) - http: //trust-co 2. org/ CO 2 QUEST – project focusing on effect of impurities of CO 2 stream (March 2013 - Feb 2016) - http: //www. co 2 quest. eu/

Panacea - long-term effects of CO 2 Heletz Hontomin Partners: EWRE, Uppsala, Göttingen Univ, CSIC, CNRS, Edinburgh Univ. , Cambridge Univ, Technion, Statoil, Nottingham Univ, Imageau (Nat Res Can, CO 2 CRC, LBNL)

Possibilities to store CO 2 in Sweden/Baltic • two feasibility studies 2012 -2013, financed by the Swedish Energy Authority • Swede. Store. CO 2; to look at possibilities for a pilot scale injection experiment in the Swedish territory • BASTOR; to look at possibilities to store CO 2 in the Baltic Sea - so far financing by Finland Sweden

Contact person: C. Juhlin Uppsala University

Bastor project: objective to look at the storage capacity in the Baltic sea as a whole Led by Elforsk/Panaware (contact person: P-A Nilsson)

Baltic Sea formations SLR report, 2013, to be released by Energymyndigheten

Estimated porosity and permeability – Dalders monocline

Example simulation results; southern part of Dalders monocline

Thank you for your attention!