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Climate Chap. 14 What is climate Classification Climatic Changes Human Influence on Climate Climate Chap. 14 What is climate Classification Climatic Changes Human Influence on Climate

What is Climate – 14. 1 Objectives • describe different types of climate data What is Climate – 14. 1 Objectives • describe different types of climate data • explain why climates vary

I. Climate Long-term weather patterns of an area I. Climate Long-term weather patterns of an area

I. Climate A. Climate has changed over the history of time I. Climate A. Climate has changed over the history of time

I. Climate A. Climate has changed over the history of time B. Climate describes: I. Climate A. Climate has changed over the history of time B. Climate describes:

I. Climate A. Climate has changed over the history of time B. Climate describes: I. Climate A. Climate has changed over the history of time B. Climate describes: 1. Temperatures (high, low, average)

I. Climate A. Climate has changed over the history of time B. Climate describes: I. Climate A. Climate has changed over the history of time B. Climate describes: 1. Temperatures (high, low, average) 2. Precipitation

I. Climate A. Climate has changed over the history of time B. Climate describes: I. Climate A. Climate has changed over the history of time B. Climate describes: 1. Temperatures (high, low, average) 2. Precipitation 3. Wind speed & direction

I. Climate A. Climate has changed over the history of time B. Climate describes: I. Climate A. Climate has changed over the history of time B. Climate describes: 1. Temperatures (high, low, average) 2. Precipitation 3. Wind speed & direction 4. Humidity

I. Climate A. Climate has changed over the history of time B. Climate describes: I. Climate A. Climate has changed over the history of time B. Climate describes: 1. Temperatures (high, low, average) 2. Precipitation 3. Wind speed & direction 4. Humidity 5. Pressure

I. Climate A. Climate has changed over the history of time B. Climate describes: I. Climate A. Climate has changed over the history of time B. Climate describes: C. Normals

I. Climate A. Climate has changed over the history of time B. Climate describes: I. Climate A. Climate has changed over the history of time B. Climate describes: C. Normals 1. Data may be collected at a location outside city

I. Climate A. Climate has changed over the history of time B. Climate describes: I. Climate A. Climate has changed over the history of time B. Climate describes: C. Normals 1. Data may be collected at a location outside city 2. Data reflects average values, not necessarily usual weather conditions.

I. Climate D. Factors affecting climate I. Climate D. Factors affecting climate

I. Climate D. Factors affecting climate 1. Latitude 2. Topography 3. Closeness to water I. Climate D. Factors affecting climate 1. Latitude 2. Topography 3. Closeness to water 4. Global wind patterns 5. Ocean currents 6. Air masses

I. Climate D. Factors affecting climate Explain the difference between S. F. and Minneapolis? I. Climate D. Factors affecting climate Explain the difference between S. F. and Minneapolis?

Names for various latitudes Names for various latitudes

Topographical effect on climate Topographical effect on climate

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Climate Classification - 14. 2 Objectives • describe the criteria used to classify climates Climate Classification - 14. 2 Objectives • describe the criteria used to classify climates • compare and contrast different climates. Submitted by: MCAS Iwakuni

I. Koeppen Classification Classifies climates based on average temperature and precipitation, taking into consideration I. Koeppen Classification Classifies climates based on average temperature and precipitation, taking into consideration vegetation.

I. Koeppen Classification A. Tropical climate Hawaii - http: //www. georgedonna. org/Hawaiindx. htm Constant I. Koeppen Classification A. Tropical climate Hawaii - http: //www. georgedonna. org/Hawaiindx. htm Constant high temperatures and lots of precipitation, the location of many rain forests.

I. Koeppen Classification A. Tropical climate B. Dry climate Gobi – http: //www. arcangeloni. I. Koeppen Classification A. Tropical climate B. Dry climate Gobi – http: //www. arcangeloni. com/new/mongolia_pictures. shtml 30% of all land, location of many deserts (Sahara and Gobi), evaporation exceeds precipitation.

I. Koeppen Classification C. Mild climate I. Koeppen Classification C. Mild climate

I. Koeppen Classification C. Mild climate 1. Humid subtropical Florida – http: //www. marianna-online. I. Koeppen Classification C. Mild climate 1. Humid subtropical Florida – http: //www. marianna-online. com/marianna/index. asp Subtropical high pressure systems bring warm, muggy summers and dry cool winters.

I. Koeppen Classification C. Mild climate 1. Humid subtropical 2. Marine west coast Oregon I. Koeppen Classification C. Mild climate 1. Humid subtropical 2. Marine west coast Oregon Constant flow of air from ocean brings mild winters and cool summers.

I. Koeppen Classification C. Mild climate 1. Humid subtropical 2. Marine west coast 3. I. Koeppen Classification C. Mild climate 1. Humid subtropical 2. Marine west coast 3. Mediterranean Italy - http: //www. camigliano. it/eng/landscape. htm Warm summers due to proximity to warm ocean water.

I. Koeppen Classification D. Continental climate Temperature changes can be extreme from summer to I. Koeppen Classification D. Continental climate Temperature changes can be extreme from summer to winter, site of tropical and polar air mass collisions.

I. Koeppen Classification D. Continental climate 1. Warm summer 2. Cool summer 3. Subarctic I. Koeppen Classification D. Continental climate 1. Warm summer 2. Cool summer 3. Subarctic

I. Koeppen Classification E. Polar climate Year-around cold temperatures (warmest month average is less I. Koeppen Classification E. Polar climate Year-around cold temperatures (warmest month average is less than 50ºF).

I. Koeppen Classification E. Polar climate 1. Tundra - http: //www. bergoiata. org/fe/nationalparks-american/10. htm I. Koeppen Classification E. Polar climate 1. Tundra - http: //www. bergoiata. org/fe/nationalparks-american/10. htm Little precipitation, many months of cold temperature, short growing season.

I. Koeppen Classification E. Polar climate 1. Tundra 2. Ice Caps Penny Ice Cap I. Koeppen Classification E. Polar climate 1. Tundra 2. Ice Caps Penny Ice Cap http: //www. wholey. net/Auyuittuq. html Form near the poles as a result of the small amount of solar radiation there.

I. Koeppen Classification F. Highlands Mt. Everest - http: //www. muvaki. de/Tibet/ Unique climates I. Koeppen Classification F. Highlands Mt. Everest - http: //www. muvaki. de/Tibet/ Unique climates due to extremely high elevations.

II. Microclimates Localized climate that differs from the regional climate. II. Microclimates Localized climate that differs from the regional climate.

II. Microclimates A. Factors II. Microclimates A. Factors

II. Microclimates A. Factors 1. Man-made structures II. Microclimates A. Factors 1. Man-made structures

II. Microclimates A. Factors 1. Man-made structures 2. Elevation II. Microclimates A. Factors 1. Man-made structures 2. Elevation

II. Microclimates A. Factors 1. Man-made structures 2. Elevation 3. Heat islands Features that II. Microclimates A. Factors 1. Man-made structures 2. Elevation 3. Heat islands Features that act to increase temperatures in a microclimate

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Climatic Changes – 14. 3 Objectives • distinguish among different types of climatic changes. Climatic Changes – 14. 3 Objectives • distinguish among different types of climatic changes. • recognize why climatic changes occur. Flood http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/elnino/anatomy/origins. html

I. Ice Ages Ice Age - http: //www. worldbook. com Periods of time in I. Ice Ages Ice Age - http: //www. worldbook. com Periods of time in which ice/glaciers cover vast amounts of Earth’s surface and temperatures decrease

I. Ice Ages A. Alternating periods of glaciation and interglacial intervals. I. Ice Ages A. Alternating periods of glaciation and interglacial intervals.

I. Ice Ages A. Alternating periods of glaciation and interglacial intervals. B. Most recent I. Ice Ages A. Alternating periods of glaciation and interglacial intervals. B. Most recent ice age ended about 10, 000 ya.

II. Short-term Climatic Changes II. Short-term Climatic Changes

II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons Short-term period of climate change as a result II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons Short-term period of climate change as a result of variations in daylight, temperature and weather.

II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons 1. Summer – the North pole is titled II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons 1. Summer – the North pole is titled toward the sun and the N. hemisphere receives more solar radiation.

II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons 1. Summer – the North pole is tilted II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons 1. Summer – the North pole is tilted toward the sun and the N. hemisphere receives more solar radiation. 2. Winter – the North pole is tilted away from the sun and the S. hemisphere receives more solar radiation.

II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons 3. Spring and Autumn (Fall) both hemispheres experience II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons 3. Spring and Autumn (Fall) both hemispheres experience equal solar radiation.

II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons B. El Niño II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons B. El Niño

II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons B. El Niño 1. Causes II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons B. El Niño 1. Causes

II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons B. El Niño 1. Causes a. Change in II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons B. El Niño 1. Causes a. Change in tradewinds brings warm Pacific ocean water eastward.

II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons B. El Niño 1. Causes a. Change in II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons B. El Niño 1. Causes a. Change in tradewinds brings warm Pacific ocean water eastward. b. The energy from this warm water changes the jet stream, altering global weather.

II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons B. El Niño 1. Causes 2. Effects II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons B. El Niño 1. Causes 2. Effects

II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons B. El Niño 1. Causes 2. Effects a. II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons B. El Niño 1. Causes 2. Effects a. Climate is altered in various locations.

II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons B. El Niño 1. Causes 2. Effects a. II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons B. El Niño 1. Causes 2. Effects a. Climate is altered in various locations. b. Some dry climates receive more rain than normal.

II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons B. El Niño 1. Causes 2. Effects a. II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons B. El Niño 1. Causes 2. Effects a. Climate is altered in various locations. b. Some dry climates receive more rain than normal. c. Wet climates may experience droughts.

II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons B. El Niño 1. Causes 2. Effects a. II. Short-term Climatic Changes A. Seasons B. El Niño 1. Causes 2. Effects a. Climate is altered in various locations. b. Some dry climates receive more rain than normal. c. Wet climates may experience droughts. d. There are fewer hurricanes and monsoons.

III. Natural Climate Change III. Natural Climate Change

III. Natural Climate Change A. Solar Activity: sunspots Sunspots - http: //theastropages. com/astroobjects/20000306. htm III. Natural Climate Change A. Solar Activity: sunspots Sunspots - http: //theastropages. com/astroobjects/20000306. htm Large, dark, rapidly changing spots on the sun where solar radiation is blocked (possibly by magnetic field)

III. Natural Climate Change A. Solar Activity: sunspots 1. Low sunspot activity linked to III. Natural Climate Change A. Solar Activity: sunspots 1. Low sunspot activity linked to cooler temperatures by Maunder.

III. Natural Climate Change A. Solar Activity: sunspots 1. Low sunspot activity linked to III. Natural Climate Change A. Solar Activity: sunspots 1. Low sunspot activity linked to cooler temperatures by Maunder. 2. Chart

III. Natural Climate Change B. Earth’s orbit III. Natural Climate Change B. Earth’s orbit

III. Natural Climate Change B. Earth’s orbit 1. Varies between circular and elliptical orbit III. Natural Climate Change B. Earth’s orbit 1. Varies between circular and elliptical orbit every 100, 000 y.

III. Natural Climate Change B. Earth’s orbit 1. Varies between circular and elliptical orbit III. Natural Climate Change B. Earth’s orbit 1. Varies between circular and elliptical orbit every 100, 000 y. 2. Circular orbit takes Earth farther from sun.

III. Natural Climate Change B. Earth’s orbit 3. Difference in tilt every 40, 000 III. Natural Climate Change B. Earth’s orbit 3. Difference in tilt every 40, 000 y means cooler summers, and warmer winters (less snow melt).

III. Natural Climate Change C. Earth’s wobble A change in the direction the N. III. Natural Climate Change C. Earth’s wobble A change in the direction the N. pole faces. Eventually climates will shift when this wobbles to new direction.

III. Natural Climate Change D. Volcanic activity Dust in the atmosphere can block solar III. Natural Climate Change D. Volcanic activity Dust in the atmosphere can block solar radiation for several years, lowering temperatures.

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Human Influence on Climate Human Influence on Climate

I. Greenhouse Effect The retention of heat in the atmosphere by gases that act I. Greenhouse Effect The retention of heat in the atmosphere by gases that act like glass in a greenhouse.

I. Greenhouse Effect A. Gases in the atmosphere absorb radiation. Water vapor, methane, & I. Greenhouse Effect A. Gases in the atmosphere absorb radiation. Water vapor, methane, & carbon dioxide.

I. Greenhouse Effect A. Gases in the atmosphere absorb radiation. Water vapor, methane, & I. Greenhouse Effect A. Gases in the atmosphere absorb radiation. Water vapor, methane, & carbon dioxide. B. The sun emits short wave radiation which penetrates the clouds.

I. Greenhouse Effect A. Gases in the atmosphere absorb radiation. Water vapor, methane, & I. Greenhouse Effect A. Gases in the atmosphere absorb radiation. Water vapor, methane, & carbon dioxide. B. The sun emits short wave radiation which penetrates the clouds. C. The Earth emits long wave radiation which is trapped by greenhouse gases.

II. Global Warming II. Global Warming

II. Global Warming A. Too little greenhouse gases cause a cold environment. II. Global Warming A. Too little greenhouse gases cause a cold environment.

II. Global Warming A. Too little greenhouse gases cause a cold environment. B. Too II. Global Warming A. Too little greenhouse gases cause a cold environment. B. Too many greenhouse gases cause an increase in global temperatures.

II. Global Warming A. Too little greenhouse gases cause a cold environment. B. Too II. Global Warming A. Too little greenhouse gases cause a cold environment. B. Too many greenhouse gases cause an increase in global temperatures. C. Evidence indicates that average global temperatures are rising.

II. Global Warming D. Causes II. Global Warming D. Causes

II. Global Warming D. Causes 1. Anthropogenic – mankind’s activities are increasing greenhouse gases. II. Global Warming D. Causes 1. Anthropogenic – mankind’s activities are increasing greenhouse gases.

II. Global Warming D. Causes 1. Anthropogenic – mankind’s activities are increasing greenhouse gases. II. Global Warming D. Causes 1. Anthropogenic – mankind’s activities are increasing greenhouse gases. 2. Natural – the Earth goes through natural fluctuations in global temperatures.

III. Human contributions III. Human contributions

III. Human contributions A. Biggest source of greenhouse gases is the combustion of ______ III. Human contributions A. Biggest source of greenhouse gases is the combustion of ______ fuels.

III. Human contributions A. Biggest source of greenhouse gases is the combustion of ______ III. Human contributions A. Biggest source of greenhouse gases is the combustion of ______ fuels. B. How do peoples’ activities affect global warming?

III. Human contributions A. Biggest source of greenhouse gases is the combustion of ______ III. Human contributions A. Biggest source of greenhouse gases is the combustion of ______ fuels. B. How do peoples’ activities affect global warming? 1. Conserving energy at home/work.

III. Human contributions A. Biggest source of greenhouse gases is the combustion of ______ III. Human contributions A. Biggest source of greenhouse gases is the combustion of ______ fuels. B. How do peoples’ activities affect global warming? 1. Conserving energy at home/work. 2. Car pooling to school/work.

III. Human contributions A. Biggest source of greenhouse gases is the combustion of ______ III. Human contributions A. Biggest source of greenhouse gases is the combustion of ______ fuels. B. How do peoples’ activities affect global warming? 1. Conserving energy at home/work. 2. Car pooling to school/work. 3. Recycling paper, plastic, aluminum, etc.

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