Classification of Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices

Classification of Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices. Сlassifications of expressive means and stylistic devices from antique to modern times: • "Ancient"/ traditional classification (tropes and figures of speech); • Functional classification (figurative and expressive language means); • Modern classification (paradigmatic and syntagmatic figures); • Level-oriented classification. • Classification of tropes: descriptive tropes and tropes expressing relations.

Descriptive Tropes. Imagery • Metaphoric group simile metaphor personification. • Metonymic group metonymy synecdoche. • Mixed group allegory antonomasia epithet. • Imagery -definition - semantic structure of an image - types of imagery - functions of imagery.

SIMILY • Based upon an analogy between two things, which are discovered to possess some feature in common otherwise being entirely dissimilar. • The formal elements: two objects + a connective (like, as if, as though, such as); affixes (-wise, -like); nouns, verbs, prepositional phrases; comma (substitute of a conjunction) Darkness when it once fell, fell like a stone. G. Greene like He resembled a professor in a five-elm college. S. Lewis …with ape-like fury, he was trampling his victim under foot. like R. Stevenson M’Nab’s back, through the front window, was stonily impressive, the back of a statue. A Huxley

METAPHOR • Based on analogy/ traceable similarity/ more subtle to perceive • There is no formal element to indicate comparison • A deviation from conventional collocations • Functions: clarify meaning,

Simile vs Metaphor • Metaphor: Anna snailed her way across the field. • Simile: Anna walked across the field as slowly as a snail

Personification

• He looked at me as if I was a side dish he hadn’t ordered. Ring Lardner • Like a lily among brambles so is my darling among girls. Song of songs • A butterfly is a flying rainbow. • Architecture is frozen music. • To a thirsty throat, cold water is good news from a distant land. • Henry is the rotten apple in the basket.