Civil War Unit VB AP United States History

Fundamental Question ► How did the Civil War change the political, social, and economical landscape of the United States? ► Did the Civil War and Reconstruction solve the problems and conditions that led to the sectional conflict?

Confederate Constitution ► ► ► We, the people of the Confederate States, each State acting in its sovereign and independent character, in order to form a permanent federal government, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God do ordain and establish this Constitution for the Confederate States of America. Three-Fifths Clause The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment; except that any judicial or other Federal officer, resident and acting solely within the limits of any State, may be impeached by a vote of two-thirds of both branches of the Legislature thereof. Line-item veto for President To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises for revenue, necessary to pay the debts, provide for the common defense, and carry on the Government of the Confederate States; but no bounties shall be granted from the Treasury; nor shall any duties or taxes on importations from foreign nations be laid to promote or foster any branch of industry; and all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the Confederate States. Congress cannot “facilitate commerce” The importation of negroes of the African race from any foreign country other than the slaveholding States or Territories of the United States of America, is hereby forbidden; and Congress is required to pass such laws as shall effectually prevent the same. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law denying or impairing the right of property in negro slaves shall be passed. Single six-year term for President The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States; and shall have the right of transit and sojourn in any State of this Confederacy, with their slaves and other property; and the right of property in said slaves shall not be thereby impaired. State legislatures solely responsible for amendments

Fort Sumter April 12, 1861

Union vs Confederacy Population of 22 million ► Owned… ► § 90% of industry ► 97% of firearm production § 70% of railroad lines § Most banking and commerce Loyalty of the Navy ► Enrollment Act of 1863 ► § Substitution and Commutation ► Pay a substitute or pay $300 ($5, 400) to avoid draft ► “A rich man’s war but poor man’s fight” ► New York Draft Riots (1863) ► Population of 9 million § 3. 5 million are slaves ► Defensive War ► Cotton Diplomacy § Hoped to earn foreign recognition

Union Strategy ► Anaconda Plan § Naval blockade surrounding the CSA ► Mississippi River § Divide the CSA in two ► Richmond § Capture the capital with trained urban fighters

Turning Points of the Civil War ► First Battle of Bull Run (July 1861) § § § ► Antietam (September 1862) § § § ► Robert E. Lee defeated by George Mc. Clellan Bloodiest day in war: 22, 000 killed or wounded Lincoln soon issues Emancipation Proclamation Vicksburg (May-July 1863) § ► First major battle of the war Union significantly defeated by Confederates Myth of quick war leads to realization of long and costly war Union control of the Mississippi River, cutting the CSA in two Gettysburg (July 1863) § § CSA’s Lee’s offensive into Pennsylvania to force peace by the Union or earn foreign support Pickett’s Charge and failure and near destruction of CSA military Deadliest battle of the entire war: over 50, 000 casualties Widely considered the turning point of the war for a Union victory

Gettysburg Address Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. ► But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. ►

Monitor vs. Merrimac

The Union and Blacks/Slaves The idea of ending slavery was difficult for Lincoln § Border states were slave states, ex. Kentucky § Slavery is constitutional § Racism in the North and among Democrats § Re-election in 1864? ► Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863) § “freed” slaves in Confederate states § Slavery became an “official” cause of war ► Army of Freedom § 54 th Massachusetts (Glory) - unequal pay § 200, 000 participants; 37, 000 casualties ► Thirteenth Amendment (December 1865) ► “If slaves will make good soldiers, our whole theory of slavery is wrong. ” Georgia general

Lincoln’s Politics and Civil War ► Lincoln and Congress § § ► Radical Republicans Conservative Republicans War Democrats Copperheads/Peace Democrats Constitutional Powers and Rights § Ex parte Merryman (1861) ► Suspension of habeas corpus by Lincoln unconstitutional § Ex parte Milligan (1866) ► Civilians cannot be tried in military courts if civil courts still operating Copperhead Propaganda

Election of 1864 ► Abraham Lincoln (R) § § § ► Ran as National Union Party Andrew Johnson (D) as VP running mate Fall of Atlanta ensured re-election George Mc. Clellan (D)

Ending the War Vicksburg and Gettysburg signaled the end for the Confederacy ► General Ulysses S. Grant launches total war ► General William Tecumseh Sherman and the March to the Sea ► § Scorched earth policy and confiscation from Tennessee. Atlanta-Savannah-Columbia

Peace ► Appomattox - April 9, 1865 § Lee surrenders to Grant ► Confederates until the very end… § Guerilla tactics and “The South will rise again!”

Cost of the War ► Union: § 110, 000 KIA § 250, 000 Died from war effects § 275, 200 wounded ► Confederacy: § 93, 000 KIA § 167, 000 Died from war effects § 137, 000 wounded TOTAL DEAD: 625, 000* ► North Cost: $2. 3 B ($54 B) ► South Cost: $1 B ($23 B) ► South Destruction: $1. 5 B ($35 B) ► ► ► ► American Revolution: 4, 435 War of 1812: 2, 260 Mexican-American War: 13, 283 Spanish-American War: 2, 446 World War I: 116, 516 World War II: 405, 399 Korea: 36, 574 Vietnam: 58, 220 Persian Gulf War: 383 Iraq War: 4, 486 Afghanistan: 2, 145 TOTAL: 646, 147