CITIES OF VESUVIUS Changing methods and contributions of nineteenth and twentieth century. Changing interpretations: impact of new research and technologies.
![• A. Wallace-Hadrill “It [Pompeii] is at once the most studied and the](https://present5.com/presentation/d2679d125c6d2d11bdf6325a432e076f/image-2.jpg "• A. Wallace-Hadrill “It [Pompeii] is at once the most studied and the")
• A. Wallace-Hadrill “It [Pompeii] is at once the most studied and the least understood of sites. Universally familiar, its excavation and scholarship prove a nightmare of omissions and disasters. ”
GIUSEPPE FIORELLI
THE NEW ERA • UNIFICATION OF ITALY • END OF BOURBONS • FIORELLI A VERY POLITICAL APPOINTMENT • REVERSAL OF BOURBON POLICY • ELITE VISITORS, PUBLICATIONS AS PRIVATE GIFTS, EXCAVATION FOR PRIVATE COLLECTION PRETTIES
1860 -1875 Giuseppe Fiorelli House of Siricus (1862) - House of the Hanging Balcony (1862) - Marine Gate (1863) - Vicolo del Lupanare (1863) - House of M. Lucretius Stabia (1871) - Temple of Venus - House of Epidius Sabinus - House of the Citharist - House of Epidius Rufus -system of 'regiones', 'insulae' and 'domus', -the use of plaster casts to recreate the forms of bodies that had been covered by the volcanic ash, not his invention-Cooley -uncovering the houses from the top down -began excavating in a cohesive and systematic fashion, keeping track of stratigraphic layers, and preserving many features in place. -antiquarium to house lesser object from the site -Fiorelli believed that the individual artifacts were of secondary importance to the real purpose -to learn about the city itself and all its inhabitants, -new regulations for the style and content of the day books introduced -new system of publication for discoveries -entrance fee opened up site to the public - began a school for archaeological methods, passing along his strategies to Italians and foreigners alike. HOWEVER -the most important wall paintings and mosaics still continued to be stripped and transported to Naples. -weak on restoration/conservation-had ‘too much respect for the site’
STABIAN BATHS
THE CORK MODEL
AUGUSTUS MAU
18751893. Michele Ruggero August Mau, in 1882, created a system for categorizing the Pompeian pictures House of L. Caecilius Jucundus (187576) - Central Baths (1877 -78) - House of the Centenary (187980) - House of the Silver Wedding (1891 -93) - Tombs along via Nolana (1886 -87) - Tombs along The Stabian Way (1889) -the first deep samplings (in 1884, 1888, 1889) in the Doric Temple and Forum areas, made by the Germans Duhn and Jacobi, and -the first investigations to identify the ancient coastline (in 1878). -decided to leave decorations in situ and try to conserve them, not always successfully -slower pace through greater care -consolidation and restoration of over 600 paintings in situ. However laudable these efforts were, especially considering the commitment, both in terms of funds and surveillance, it should be pointed out that such work only involved a limited number of the more striking Pompeian buildings
1893 -1901 1906 -1910 Giulio De Petra, 1901 -1905 Ettore Pais and 1905 -1910 Antonio Sogliano House of the Vettii (1894 -95) - House of M. Lucretius Fronto (1895) - House of the Golden Cupids (1895; 1903 -5) - Stretch of wall between towers X and XI (1897 -99) - Temple of Venus Pompeiana (1897 -98) - Samplings at the Temple of Jupiter (1897 -98) - Samplings at the Temple of Apollo (1897 -98) - Samplings outside the Vesuvian Gate (1897) - Castellum aquae at the Vesuvian Gate (1901 -2) - House of the Ara Massima (1903) - House of the Gladiators (1899; 19056) -The first excavations contracted to private individuals date back to this period, -recreated gardens, covered atriums, restored rooves Pais replaced the former hand-carts with a rail transport system to clear the earth from the digs -promoted an ambitious and articulated plan of action that he never managed to complete. It involved exploring Pompeii underground in order to identify the pre-Roman ages (Mau-Dorpfeld samplings of 1902 -6) and the excavation of the necropolises outside the Nolan and Vesuvian Gates and the Samnite tombs in the Villa of the Mosaic Columns outside the Herculaneum Gate. -established some conservation method still useful today
VIA DELL’ABBONDANZA
EARLY EXCAVATIONS
1911 -1923 Vittorio Spinazzola House of Obellius Firmo (1911) - House of Aulus Trebius Valente (1915) - House of Cryptoporticus (1916) - Stephanus’s Laundry (1916) - Asellina’s Thermpolium - House of Paquius Proculus - House of the Ceii - House of Pinarius Cerialis - House of the Moralist - House of Octavius Quartio -530 meters of street uncovered -Time Magazine -strict methods of excavation and restoration preserve the top parts of buildings -first used plaster casts for tree roots-Cooley - connected the amphitheatre (one of the first parts of the town to have been excavated) with the rest of the city. These excavations were designed specifically to reconstruct systematically, and as fully as possible, the façades of the Pompeian houses, particularly the upper floors of houses with their windows, balconies, and roofs. The results were published in the Notizie degli Scavi, although the level of detail is often poor. Alongside the traditional system of keeping Site Log-Books, technical, as opposed to artistic, drawings are systematically used to document the excavations. Photography also becomes the main tool for scientifically recording the various stages of the unearthing process. Especially from this moment on, the results of the excavation work are made known through top-quality scientific publications of a monographic kind emphasis on daily life -too much concentration on facades, problems of collapse and lack of knowledge about purpose
MAIURI
Amedeo Maiuri. House of di Fabius Amandio (1924 -26) - House of the Priest Amandio (1924 -26) - House of the Ephebe (1924 -26) - House of the Theatrical Pictures (1927) - House of Menander (1928 -34) - House of the Lovers (1928 -34) - House of the Four Styles (1937 -41) - Large Gymnasium (1933 -35) - Villa of the Mysteries (1929 -30) - Imperial Villa (1943) - Necropolis of the Nucerian Gate (1954 -salvaging and restoring the Pompeian monuments and houses hit in the bombing raids of 1943. -reorganized the Antiquarium of Pompeii and of Pozzuoli and the Campanian Museum in Capua along modern museographic lines -300 publications-monographic studies, articles and guide books -The excavation reports of the 1920 s and 1930 s often recorded the state of the volcanic deposit; whether it had been disturbed or consisted of stratified ash and lapilli; whether finds were related to an upper floor; and at what level above the pavement finds were made. -extended area of interest to walls and towers -deepened sections of excavation to pre-Roman levels -restoration of public and private buildings but inappropriat materials -reopened Herculaneum -had lapilli removed free, truck damage -introduced theory of depressed circumstances at POMPEII -1951 -61 generally rushed, left unprotected, unrecorded, unpublished -inaccurate methodology, with inadequate instruments, and the project suffered from chronic under funding, so the houses were not well restored and were eventually practically abandoned –Nappo between 1927 and 1933 rapid excavations of Regio I, Insula 10 led to a two-volume work on the House of the Menander focussed on the showy house but Maiuri is sketchy and often contradictory in his account of the history of the house, let alone the entire insula- John R. Clarke -Amedeo Maiuri has published only the finds from this house that he considered spectacular. In addition, the Giornali degli Scavi serve to demonstrate that some objects were inaccurately provenanced in the inventories, and that Maiuri often published these incorrect provenances. They also indicate that many discoveries that were smaller in size, of less artistic merit, or from less interesting rooms were left out of the inventories and therefore by Maiuri. - Many of the finds, particularly the skeletons, seem to have been moved to a display area after excavation, adding to the interpretative nature of the published recording. Maiuri also confused some of the room numbering, which sometimes changed as excavation proceeded. This is particularly so for rooms numbered 16 and 21 in the Giornali degli Scavi. Because these room numbers seem to have changed during the excavation, it has been difficult to allocate all finds to specific rooms. Penelope M. Allison
Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2002. 09. 29 • the importance of this treasure lies not only in the artefacts, but also in the fact that they were properly excavated, a statement that cannot be made for the other major find from the area/ In light of subsequent research and changes in emphasis, various aspects of Maiuri's work need re-evaluation, if not thorough revision
1961 -1976 Alfonso De Franciscis Casa di Polibio emphasis on the restoration of buildings that had already been uncovered. Prof. Jashemski 19771981 Fausto Zevi Stopped excavation in favour of restoration first stage, which began in 1977, was to photograph the painted walls and the floors of Pompeii, to make up for the gaps in the existing archives. This part of the program aimed both to photograph and to build up an index based on new criteria. The idea was to get shots of the pictorial and decorative context as a whole and this obviously involved documenting the whole wall, plus the details and the floor too. Completed in November 1980, shortly before the earthquake,
WILHELMINA JASHEMSKI
1961 WILHELMINA JASHEMSKI • • developed close relationships with team of Italian workers, many were farmers created a new academic discipline referred to as garden archaeology the soil analysis that revealed pollen from plants, established a large interdisciplinary network of scholars Study of soil contours to discover the shapes of garden beds which gives information about possible plantings Invited to excavate, first non-Italian in Pompeii, every summer for more than 20 years Identified area previously thought a cattle market as a commercial vinyard. Wilhelmina Jashemski “They lived in their gardens , they ate in them , they made them a major part of their lives”
1981 -1984 Giuseppina Cerulli Irelli 1984 -1995 Baldassare Conticello Giuseppina Cerulli Irelli resolve the problems caused by the earthquake of 1980 campaign was launched to heighten awareness both nationally and internationally. As a consequence, Pompeii was granted special funds (FIOBEI) which enabled some particular projects to go ahead, including: excavation and restoration work on regio II, insulae 1, 8, 9, and regio I, insula 20 along via Nocera, which can now be enjoyed by the tourists; the excavation of the Suburban Baths. Sara Bisel bone study 1982 -8 Baldassare Conticello Estelle Lazer 1986 statistical study of bones Forensic medicine Physical anthropology Applied Research Laboratory opened Pompeian Forum Project-multi-national- combination of a range of specialists and computer technology-Auto. CAD Anglo-American Project Since 1987, digging has proceeded in Pompeii in regio IX, in particular in the House of the Chaste Lovers in The Abundance Way. Thanks again to the special funds (FIO-BEI), work started again in 1989 to complete the job of excavating and restoring the numerous insulae of regiones I and II. Progetto Neapolis", carried out between 1987 and 1989, whose stated aim was to "exploit the environmental and artistic resources of the Vesuvian area". With the aid of advanced information technology, the archeological treasures (paintings and mosaics) were catalogued and a census was made of the artistic, environmental and territorial assets of the Vesuvian area and of the corresponding archives. Moreover, a set of computerized technical and thematic maps was made of Pompeii and of the whole Vesuvian area.
ESTELLE LAZER
Pietro Giovanni Guzzo
since 1995 Pietro Giovanni Guzzo Started 1987 outside the Porta Stabia, Murecine, near the river Sarno, Hospitium dei Sulpici -law passed in 1997 allowing the Soprintendenza to retain the revenue from all gate receipts. This has massively increased the resources available for conservation -permission to seek private investment. -European Union has contributed € 30 million for a five-year program In 1996, the World Monuments Fund in New York declared Pompeii one of the world's most endangered sites. And in 1998 UNESCO put Pompeii on its World Heritage list. -Digs limited to individual nuclei, and special attention is dedicated to preserving the contexts. Deeper not further. The job of indexing the architectural heritage started at the end of 1995, and this work, which involves a detailed examination of all the walls making up the individual monuments, is still in progress.
NEW TECHNOLOGIES • To help assemble a strikingly detailed re-creation of life in Pompeii, researchers employed a range of high-tech tools. Among them were DNA testing of bones to decipher genetic history and physical analysis of the bones to study the physical structure of Pompeians and to determine some of the most prevalent diseases, such as arthritis. • With high-powered microscopes, scientists analyzed pollens, animal bones and fragments of wood, glass, plants and daily objects to figure out the natural history of the region as well as cultural and agricultural practices.
Early Samnite mosaic floors excavated at Pompeii
Scientists at Brigham Young University (BYU), in Utah, devised a revolutionary new multi-spectral imaging technology.
Paolo Galluzzi, Florence's Institute and Museum of the History of Science. “For example, any Pompeian embarking on a trip could establish how many Roman miles he had traveled through the use of a contraption attached to the wheel of a cart. For every mile, it dropped a pebble into a box. ”
• Archaeologists from the University of London and the University of Basilicata in Italy found this summer a pre-Roman temple to Mephitis, a female deity worshipped by the Samnites. Right on top of this temple, not by chance, sits the temple to Venus built by the victorious Sulla.
Combining Real and Virtual A European Union-funded project The Lifeplus project is part of the EU's Information Society Technologies initiative aimed at promoting userfriendly technology and enhancing European cultural heritage. The technology would allow digital people and other computer-generated elements to be combined with the actual view seen by tourists as they walk
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