Cities in the Third Wave The Technological Transformation

Cities in the Third Wave: The Technological Transformation of Urban America Leonard I. Ruchelman Group: Peter Heller Kate Mc. Cauley Adam Neumeyer

The Transformation of Urban America Preindustrial Industrial Postindustrial

Preindustrial Cities • Small populations (typically less than 30, 000 people) • Small size allowed for personal networks between friends, family and businesses • Small scale manufacturing limited by hand tools, hydraulic power, and the use of animals • Located on waterfronts/ mill sites (functioned as market centers)

Industrial Cities • Sudden rapid increase in the population of cities – Growth in Western cities • Railroad – Rail Mileage Grew Rapidly – Steam-powered locomotive – Western development – Connected the East and West coast • Mass Production – Huge new factories • Steam Power – Provider of industrial power • Steel – Upgrade from iron • Inventions – telephone, light bulb, refrigerated rail cars • Improvements - Street surfacing, public lighting, water and sewerage systems

From Urban Concentration to Suburban Deconcentration • In 1950 23% of Population in United States lived in suburbs • In 1960 31% of Population in United States lived in suburbs • In 1990 46% of Population in United States lived in suburbs

The Great Migration: Population Decline of Ten Major Old-Line Cities

Other Changes in the Metropolis • Decline in Central City Employment • Jobs move to the suburbs • Those that need jobs the most do not have them • Metropolis changes to Megalopolis

Megalopolis • • • Large urbanized area around a certain city Boston to Washington, D. C. Florida peninsula Northern California Southern California

Global Restructuring • Geographic location means nothing • Manufacturing jobs leave United States • Advanced technology helps regions grow

Ten Metropolitan Regional Economies with the Highest growth Region Rate of Expansion 1980 -1991(%) Austin, TX 22. 9 West Palm Beach, FL 155. 0 Raleigh-Durham, NC 140. 2 Orlando, FL 95. 8 Tucson, AZ 95. 2 Phoenix, AZ 90. 0 San Diego, CA 83. 4 Augusta, GA 83. 1 Sacramento, Ca 79. 0 Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN 68. 7 United States 31. 1

Ten Metropolitan Regional Economies with the Lowest growth Rates (ranked by change in rate of output Region Rate of Expansion 1980 -1991(%) Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX -17. 5 Peoria, IL . 13. 7 Davenport-Bettendorf, IA-Rock Island. Moline IL -9. 4 Flint, MI -7. 0 New Orleans, LA -5. 9 Pittsburgh-Beaver Valley, PA -3. 3 Youngstown-Warren, OH -2. 9 Shreveport, LA 0. 7 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 1. 8 Corpus Christi, TX 3. 7 United States 31. 1

Key Characteristics of Cities in the Preindustrial, Industrial, and Postindustrial Stages Preindustrial Industrial Postindustrial Time Frame 17 th and 18 th century 1830 s plus 1950 s plus Power Sources Wind, Water, Animate Steam/Internal Combustion Superconductivity Technological Advancement Agricultural Tools (Plow) Energy Information Role of Technology Extraction Fabrication Process Main Product Food Commodities Knowledge Social Institution Family Farm Mills, Factories R&D Centers Main Labor Force Farmers Factory Workers Information Workers Main Mode of Movemen t Pedestrian, Horse, and Carriage Rail, Automobile Telecommuting Division of Labor (Skills) Simple Highly Specialized (Routine) Very Highly Specialized (Customization) Division of Labor (Geographical) City Regional International Market Place Commons CBD/Mall Electronic Network Urban Pattern Human Network Monocentric Global Networks Social Pattern Integrated Segregated Highly Segregated Characteristic

Third Wave Technologies • Telecommunication Systems • Wireless Communications • Internet and the Worldwide Information Explosion • Electronic Applications • Technological Reshaping of Work • Information Technology and the Emergence of New Spatial Patterns

Telecommunication Systems • Foundations – Telegraph – Telephone • Methods of Communications – Analog – Digital • Computers – Vacuum tubes – Transistor Circuits • Computer chips

Wireless Communications • Invented in 1896 by Guglielmo Marconi • Four types: one-way receiver, two-way dispatch, two-way mobile/portable phones, and two-way data • Many uses: tracking, communications • 22, 000 transmission sites in U. S. , with 100, 000 more in next ten years

The Internet is Born • Prior to its introduction, there were only small “islands” of communication • Introduction in 1969 limited use to four sites that possessed text based computerized switches (ARPANET) • Enormous growth (1990 - 313, 000 users/ 1992 - < 1, 000) • Multiple benefits: – Allows anyone to transmit any message to millions of recipients – Quick and easy global communication – Large stores of information

Electronic Applications • • • Virtual Museums Libraries connected to the Internet Electronic College Campuses Telemedicine Electronic Banking/Financial Services – Smart Cards • Teleshopping

Transformation of Jobs • Increasing computers = increasing downsizing • Disappearance of the traditional job (agriculture, services, ect. ) • Changing job locations • Expanding the range of services

Information Technology and the Emergence of New Spatial Patterns • Front Office Functions • Routine Back-Office Functions • Goods and Distribution • Complex Office Work

Types Of Cities • Headquarters Cities • Innovation Centers • Module Production Places • Border Cities • Retirement Centers • Leisure-Tourism Playgrounds • Edge Cities

Headquarters Cities • Also known as World, Global, or Capital Cities • Characteristics of Headquarter Cities – Leaders in global markets for commodities and investment capital, foreign exchange, equities, and bonds – High concentration of corporate headquarters – Locations of national and international headquarters of trade and professional associations – Locations for national and international media organizations, news and information services – Major cultural capitals

New York • Financial Capital • Leads in advertising and law – Computer and engineering services are drawn to the suburbs • Wall Street prospers = New York prospers • Site of a new high tech sector – Silicon Alley • Cultural Capital • Popular destination for tourist • Immigrants

Los Angeles • Military defense expenditures – High-technology telecommunications center • Manage military • Location on Pacific Rim – Trade between the West and the East – Diversity of ethnic groups – Rapid growth of foreign trade • Financial hub of the Western U. S.

Innovation Centers • R&D Centers are self-sustaining • Key Sectors: electronics and telematics, biotechnology, aerospace, nuclear technology, medical technology, environmental technology and space. • Examples Silicon Valley, Route 128

Modular Production Places • Places where routine tasks are preformed • Examples: production of cars and processing of magazine subscriptions • Places: Detroit and Newark

Border Cities • Labor Centers – Large Immigrant Populations • Undocumented Workers = low wages • Trade and financial centers – Importing, marketing, and distributing goods • Utilized by the very wealthy Latin Americans – Shopping – Recreation – Wealth Security

Miami • Strategically positioned between North and South America and the Caribbean – Leading gateway to Latin America and the Caribbean • Immigration of large numbers of Latin Americans – Bilingual Spanish speaking residents • Globalization of the world economy – Eliminated Trade Barriers • Tourism • Foreign Banking

Retirement Centers • Increasing numbers of people (b/c growth and life expectancy) • Relocation • Consequences: - communities have to deal with changes in pensions, social security and medicare - lower industrial development

Leisure-Tourism Playgrounds • One of the largest industries in the United States – The United States is the second most popular travel destination in the world • Consist of theme parks, gambling casinos, consumer shopping centers, sports arenas, and exhibition centers

Las Vegas • Developed gambling as a major industry – Spurs growth and lower unemployment – Economic backbone of Las Vegas • 30% of all jobs are in hotels, gaming, and recreation • Fastest growing metropolitan area in the nation – For every 100, 000 people who come to play, 250 stay • Adds up to 75, 000 new residents every year • There is no corporate or personal income tax

Edge Cities • Defined as: ” high-order multifunctional centers which have emerged in the outer suburban areas” • Appeared in the 1950’s b/c of automobiles and communication technology • Three types: – Uptowns – Boomers – Greenfields • Are they real communities?

Cities in the Third Wave • The Role of Growth Coalitions in Cities • “Citistates” in the Global Economy • Cities as Entertainment Centers • Suburban Sprawl and Political Fragmentation • The Prognosis for Core Cities and Older Metros

The Role of Growth Coalitions in Cities • Urban restructuring is shaped by continuously changing economic conditions • Issue of domination results in an uneven capacity to attract growth, which in turn provides advantages and disadvantages to groups

“Citistates” in the Global Economy • A metropolitan area • Stimulated by advancements in telecommunications, trade agreements • Source of entrepreneurial leadership

Cities in Pursuit of Niche Markets • Cities create a certain draw • Examples gambling, tourism, convention centers, back-office operations • Problems get dumped on poor cities

Cities as Entertainment Centers • High-tech fun – Sports arenas, cultural centers, entertainmentenhanced retailing, and urban theme parks • Restore central cities • Bring back what they have been losing to the suburbs

Suburban Sprawl and Political Fragmentation • Suburbs healthiest parts of the metropolitan economy • Technology makes possible a spatial leapfrogging pattern • Edge cities and Industrial Parks • Segregation of income groups – Gated Communities

Are Core Cities Doomed? • While futurists are skeptical, their success depends on many variables. • Negative Pulls: – – – Business relocation Technological advances Social problems Declining economy Growth of diverging jobs/ job skills • Positive Pulls: – – – Central business locations Population lifestyles Environmental factors Environment for innovation Urbanized economies

Conclusion • All cities must be able to adapt to change in order to progress. • “Remember that the measure of a civilization is not the tools it owns, but the use it makes of them. ” –L. Ruchelman