Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck A Reminder The

“Chrysanthemums” by John Steinbeck

A Reminder The incomplete Chinese translation of “Everyday Use” (missing paragraph 75 onward) n The supplement is uploaded on the Teacher’s Homepage. n

A Question to Explore n Why some devoted Japanese housewives would get online and have cybersex with unknown people?

John Steinbeck Nobel Prize winner n Journalism in W. W. II. n Born in Salinas, California, in the fertile valley he remembers in “Chrysanthemums” n

Theme n Love Abused: "我本將心託明月，誰知明月照溝渠 (What does 「明月」as a metaphor imply? )

Plot Analysis The arrival of the caravan and the initial rejection of Elisa of the pot mender (Exposition) n Elisa’s change of attitude ( complication) n

Plot Analysis Elisa’s attraction by the pot mender and her inner disturbances (crisis) n The discovery of the truth (climax) n Elisa’s sadness and the consequent anger (denouement) n

Important Symbols The wire fence n The chrysanthemums n The fog n The season n

Traditional Dualism about Gender man vs. woman n Masculinity vs. femininity n Strong vs. weak n Rational vs. irrational n Intellectual vs. emotional n Public vs. domestic n

Problems in gender dualism Arbitrary distinction of human disposition by biological structure n Value hierarchy based on gender difference n Arbitrary assignment of border and field n Intolerance about border-crossing cases n

Farm vs. Garden ----- Public sphere vs. Domestic sphere ----- Economical production vs. Leisure activity ----- Male dominance vs. Female dependence

Wire Fence : Protection “Elisa started (嚇ㄧ跳) at the sound of her husband's voice. He had come near quietly, and he leaned over the wire fence that protected her flower garden from cattle and dogs and chickens. ” (9)

Wire Fence: Limitation (the domestic sphere) “‘You’ve got a gift (天份) with things. . . I wish you'd work out in the orchard and raise some apples that big. ’ Her eyes sharpened. ‘Maybe I could do it, too. I've a gift with things, all right. . . ‘Well, it sure works with flowers, ’ he said. (11 -13)

Henry vs. the Pot Mender practicality vs. romanticism n daily routine vs. possibilities n reality vs. dreams n the regular vs. the mysterious & unknown n

The Pot Mender: mysterious & romantic n “His eyes were dark, and they were full of the brooding that gets in the eyes of teamsters and of sailors. ” (沉思的) (卡車司機) (33)

The intrusion of the alien (1) Elisa’s change from reserve and resistance to bewilderment and entrancement n The mender’s position from outside to inside the garden n

The intrusion of the alien (2) The change of Elisa’s outward appearance from neutrality to femininity n The pot mender’s use and abuse of love n The blossom and shriveling of Eliza as a flower n

The gradual advance of the alien (1) 1) “The caravan pulled up to Elisa’s wire fence and stopped. ” n 2) “He leaned confidently over the fence. ” n 3) “The man leaned farther over the fence. ” n (29) (42) (56)

The gradual advance of the alien (2) 4) “‘. . . Come into the yard. ’ While the man came through the picket fence. Elisa ran excitedly along the geranium -bordered path to the back of the house. ” (木樁) (天竺葵) (63 -64)

The gradual change of Elisa’s attitude toward the pot mender 1 1) “I mend pots and sharpen knives and scissors. You got any of them things to do? “ "Oh, no, " she said quickly. "Nothing like that. " Her eyes hardened with resistance. (43)

The gradual change of Elisa’s attitude toward the pot mender 2) “‘No’, she said shortly. . . ‘I’m sorry, ’ Elisa said irritably. ‘I haven’t had anything for you to do. ’” (48 -49)

The gradual change of Elisa’s attitude toward the pot mender 3) The irritation and resistance melted from Elisa's face. 4) Elisa's eyes grew alert and eager. 5) Her face was tight with eagerness. (52) (59) (68)

The gradual change of Elisa’s attitude toward the pot mender 6) She stopped and seemed perplexed. . She looked deep into his eyes, searchingly. Her mouth opened a little, and she seemed to be listening. (69)

The gradual change of Elisa’s attitude toward the pot mender 7) She was kneeling on the ground looking up at him. Her breast swelled passionately. 8) Kneeling there, her hand went out toward his legs in the greasy black trousers. Her hesitant fingers almost touched the cloth. (72) (75)

The gradual change of Elisa’s attitude toward the pot mender 9) She stood up then, very straight, and her face was ashamed. (77)

The gradual change of Elisa’s attitude toward the pot mender 10) “After a while she began to dress, slowly. She put on her newest underclothing and her nicest stockings and the dress which was the symbol of her prettiness. ” (94)

The gradual change of Elisa’s attitude toward the pot mender 11) “She turned up her coat collar so he could not see that she was crying weakly--like an old woman. ” (122)

The Turning Point of Elisa’s Attitude: The Chrysanthemums n “His eyes left her face and fell to searching the ground. They roamed about until they came to the chrysanthemum bed where she had been working. ‘What's them plants, ma'am? ’ The irritation and resistance melted from Elisa's face. ” (50 -51)

The Pot Mender’s Romantic Language n “‘Kind of a long-stemmed flower? Looks like a quick puff of colored smoke? ’ he asked. ‘That's it. What a nice way to describe them. ’” (53 -54)

Henry’s Dull Sentiment “‘Why--why, Elisa. You look so nice!’ ‘Nice? You think I look nice? What do you mean by 'nice'? “ Henry blundered on. . He looked bewildered. . .

Henry’s Dull Sentiment ‘You look strong enough to break a calf over your knee, happy enough to eat it like a watermelon. ’” (99 -103)

Henry vs. Pot Mender in their artistic imagination 白雪紛紛何所似? 撒鹽空中差可擬 (Henry) 未若柳絮因風起 (Pot Mender)

Important Symbols The wire fence: ---protection; restraint (a cage? ) n Chrysanthemums n The fog n The season: winter n

The chrysanthemums as a symbol n Why chrysanthemums? Why not roses, Jasmine, tulips, etc. ?

The chrysanthemums as a symbol n The combination of feminine grace and masculine strength

Fog as a symbol: isolation & lonliness “The high gray-flannel fog of winter closed off the Salinas Valley from the sky and from all the rest of the world. On every side it sat like a lid on the mountains and made of the great valley a closed pot. . It was a time of quiet and of waiting. ” (1 -2)

Winter as a symbol: dreariness “It was a time of quiet and of waiting. . . A light wind blew up from the southwest so that the farmers were mildly hopeful of a good rain before long; but fog and rain do not go together. ” (1 -2)

The failed expectation of solace (慰藉) : disillusion “She turned up her coat collar so he could not see that she was crying weakly--like an old woman. ” (122) (花自飄零水自流)

The closed-up energy inside Elisa: protection / repression n “Her figure looked blocked and heavy in her gardening costume, a man‘s black hat pulled low down over her eyes, clod-hopper shoes (不合腳的鞋), a figured print dress almost completely covered by a big corduroy(燈芯絨) apron with four big pockets to hold the snips, . . . she worked with. She wore heavy leather gloves to protect her hands while she worked. ” (5)

The closed-up energy inside Elisa 2 “Her face was eager and mature and handsome; even her work with the scissors was over-eager, overpowerful. The chrysanthemum stems seemed too small and easy for her energy. (6)

The closed-up energy inside Elisa 2 “Behind her stood the neat white farm house with red geraniums closebanked around it as high as the windows. It was a hard-swept looking little house, with hard-polished windows, and a clean mud-mat on the front steps. ” (7)

The closed-up energy inside Elisa 3 “‘You might be surprised to have a rival some time. I can sharpen scissors, too. And I can beat the dents out of little pots. I could show you what a woman might do. ’” (88)

Elisa’s romantic dream: unrealistic “‘I've never lived as you do, but I know what you mean. When the night is dark--why, the stars are sharp -pointed, and there's quiet. Why, you rise up and up! Every pointed star gets driven into your body. It's like that. Hot and sharp and--lovely. ’” (74)

Elisa’s romantic dream: unrealistic “Her lips moved silently, forming the words ‘Good-bye--good-bye. ’ Then she whispered, ‘That's a bright direction. There's a glowing there. ’ The sound of her whisper startled her. She shook herself free and looked about to see whether anyone had been listening. (92)

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