China s Long History World Studies Summer School

China’s Long History World Studies Summer School

4000 years of history • • Civilizations grew between two rivers. Yellow River and Yangtze Anyang first early city of importance Chinese culture grows – Importance of Family • Respect for parents – Social Classes divided between nobles and peasants – Development of writing • Characters are similar today as they were 4000 years ago

Dynastic Cycle • Dynasty gains power establishes peace, people believe they have Mandate of Heaven • Dynasty declines becomes corrupt, raises taxes, power weakens • Disasters cause peasants to revolt and invasions to occur • Dynasty loses mandate to heaven Rebellion is justified • Dynasty overthrown through bloodshed, new dynasty emerges • New Dynasty gains power restores peace and order and claims mandate of heaven.

First Great Dynasties • Zhou (Joh) – One of first large Chinese Dynasties – Establishes system called Feudalism • Nobles granted use of land by King who owns ALL land. • Those who work and live on land are protected by nobles and must be loyal to king. • They must provide military service when asked. • Local Lords grow in power and become less dependent on King

Zhou Innovations • Roads and canals built for agriculture and trade • Coined money first introduced • Iron first used

Zhou at War • Due to size and weakened by the loss of their ruler in 771 BC. Zhou begin to deteriorate into warring states loyal only to their local noble. • Dynastic cycle about to begin again. • Zhou rule – 1027 – 256 B. C.

Confucius 551 - 479 B. C. • Born at time of crisis in China • Desire to restore moral living of earlier times and bring back values of family • This can be achieved through 5 basic relationships – – – Ruler and subject Father and son Husband wife Older and younger siblings Friend and friend • A code of conduct to regulate each relationship – Example Ruler practices kindness. In return subjects should be loyal and abide by law.

Confucius and the Family • Three of the 5 Relationships involve family – Filial piety – respect for parents and ancestors – Most important and children should dedicate themselves to their parents during their lifetime. – Also honoring parents after their death

Confucius and Government • Wanted to show rulers how to govern wisely • Impressed by his wisdom, Duke of Lu appoints him minister of Justice. • According to legend, Confucius overwhelmed people with his kindness and courtesy that overnight crime vanished • When the Duke changed his ways he resigned.

Confucius and Education • Education could transform a person into a gentleman • Believed a trained civil service could run government • Education became important to work in government • Confucius spent the rest of his life teaching. • His students later collected his words in a book called the Analects • Not a religion but an ethical way to live your life based on the premise of right and wrong • Becomes foundation for Chinese social order and spreads throughout southeast Asia

Qin (chihn) Dynasty • 3 rd century BC • Leagalism – Provide rich rewards for those who follow and carryout orders • Unites country and new Dynasty begins • Shi Huangdi – – Takes control 221 BC Policy of strengthening central authority Forces all nobles to live in capital This allows him to keep a closer eye on all those who could rise up to oppose him. (friends close, enemies closer) – Prevents criticism by murdering Confucian scholars – Orders “useless” books burned – Education not as important as following orders

Centralization and Great Wall • Advancements due to Centralization – – – Roads built Standard unit of measurements Standard writing Standard currency Standard law • Great Wall – To protect great new empire he forces poor to work on new defensive wall. – Earlier leaders had built smaller walls in different areas. – He wanted them combined, enlarged to cover the entire northern border. – Hundreds of thousands die building wall. – Peasants not paid – Build it or die – Many died anyway • Qin Dynasty Short but effective and Falls in 202 BC – Shi Huangdi’s Son’s prove ineffective leaders and Dynastic Cycle begins again

Han Dynasty • 202 BC Rules China for 400 years • Han Dynasty broken into two parts – Approx. 200 years each – First Han • Follows idea of centralized Government • Establishes Local HUBS called Commanderies to rule local areas • Lower taxes and harsh punishments • Become very popular • Embrace Confucianism

2 nd Han • First Han fall due to Rich taking advantage of the poor. • Han overthrown briefly, and chaos ensued for 40 years • Strong leader needed to restore stability – Han royal family steps back in and takes control 23 AD. – Restore order and prosperity returns for 200 more years till 220 AD – Han eventually disintegrate into 3 rival kingdoms

Assignment • Questions: p. 100 #3 -6 p. 107 #3 -5

Tang Dynasty 618 -907 • Conquers and expands land united. – Create powerful man made canals that provide increased trade and communication – Expand re-vive civil service examinations begun by Han. – Bring back centralized power – Due to growing costs of government, raise taxes and lose power. – Fall to armies from central Asia 907

Tang and Song innovations • Moveable type – Leads to increased learning especially in mathematics • Agricultural improvements – Double harvest of Rice • Trade through shipping on coast as far as India and into pacific. • Golden age of poetry and art

Song Dynasty 960 -1279 • Does not re-gain western lands lost. • Attempts buying peace with northern and western enemies and attempt to rule smaller empire • While the Song were mostly focused in South and especially on the coast, they thrived. • Trade with foreigners had begun • Conquered by Mongols

The Mongols Invade • Kublai Khan Conquers China 1279 – First foreigner to rule entire country – Founds new Dynasty called Yuan • Unites China for first time in 300 years – Moves his capital to new Square Palace in what is now Beijing. – Restored the grand canal – Increased foreign trade • Meets Marco Polo • Kublai dies 1294 – None of the successors were able to replicate his power and control. Empire declines

Ming Dynasty 1368 -1644 • Ended Mongol Rule • Determined not to allow outsiders to threaten peace and prosperity in empire • Return to Confucianism and moral standards • Trade with outsiders severely restricted • Allowed only in certain areas on coast – Where it was allowed though it flourished – Chinese goods were becoming very popular in Europe

Fall of Ming and Rise of Qing • Ming falls weak due to corruption and growing power in the north from Manchus. • Manchus seize Beijing and their leader becomes new emperor • Qing dynasty will rule till its fall in 1908 • Opens country to Europeans – Leads to Empires downfall as they become more and more dependent upon European trade. – Opium

Imperial China Collapses • Early 1900 s China had been facing years of foreign humiliation • Economy and trade controlled by foreign countries • Many Chinese believed modernizing was the way • Others believe a return to traditional ways was best

Qing Overthrown • 1911 – Nationalist forces overthrow last Emperor • Sun Yixian becomes President of new republic of China – 3 Principles • Nationalism • Democracy • Economic Security – Does NOT have power to unify country

Assignment • Questions: p. 374 #3 -6 p. 382 #3 -5 p. 465 #3 -4 p. 777 #3 -5

Nationalism and Democracy vs. Communism • Who would be able to unite Country? • Mao Zedong – Founder of Communist Party – Peasants love • Jiang Jieshi – Nationalist Leader – Business and Trade – Intellectuals

Civil War for Control Begins • U. S. recognize Nationalist government • Nationalist nearly defeat communists in 1927 • Communists barely survive through 1930 s • 1937 changes everything • Japan invades Manchuria • WWII Begins and sides must work together to defeat them.

Post WWII – Communists come to power • Nationalists – Southern China – U. S. Support – Goal – Defeat Communists – Weak due to failing post-war economy – Corruption in leadership • Communists – Northern China – Soviet Support – Goal – National Liberation – Strong Peasant Support – Experienced leadership and highly motivated

Civil War Resumes 1946 -47 • Nationalist did little to win popular support • As China’s economy collapsed, thousands of Nationalist soldiers deserted for communists • Spring 1949 Red forces claim major cities • Mao promises to return land to peasants. • Makes him wildly popular • October 1949 remnants of Jiang’s government flee to Taiwan • Mao proclaims Peoples republic of China October 1949

Communist China • Mao expands China – Tibet, parts of India, and Mongolia claimed by China and Army. – Tibet is promised Freedom • Never comes • Still seeks freedom to this day • Mao claims New “Mandate of Heaven” – Helps to win over more traditional Chinese – Communist party members only 1 percent of country

Great Leap Forward • Great Leap Forward – 1958 – Called for Communes or large Farms – Average commune supported by 25, 000 people covering 15, 000 acres – Life strictly Controled – NO private ownership – Huge failure • Poor planning and inefficient home industries prevent growth. • Famine cause by crop failures kill 20 million in 1961

Cultural Revolution – 1966 -68 • Establish society of peasants and workers who were all equal • Led by “Red Guard” Mostly high school and college age students who leave school to “Change China” • Intellectual and artistic activity considered useless and dangerous • Red Guard shuts down colleges and schools • Intellectuals had to purify themselves by doing hard labor in remote villages • Thousands were executed or imprisoned • Mao realizes his error in 1968 and uses Army to put down Red Guard and Cultural Revolution

1970 s – China reopens doors • Relations between U. S. and China were poor since 1949 when the U. S. refused to recognize the Communist government – Zhou Enlai – Communist Premier – Worried about China’s Isolation from the world. – 1971 – U. S. Table Tennis team invited to tour country. – 1971 – U. S. reverses policy and endorses UN membership for Peoples Republic of China. – 1972 – Nixon Visits China

Mao and Zhou Die • 1976 China loses it’s 2 most influential leaders. – Deng Xiaoping takes over • Supports more moderate economic policies • Willing to use capitalist ideas – 4 Modernizations • Called for progress in Agriculture, industry, defense, and Science and Technology. • Eliminates communes ad leases land to individuals. • This system increased production by 50% from 1978 -1984

China Begins to Modernize • Deng welcomes Foreign technology and investment. – People begin buying western goods, TV’s, Appliances. – Western Style clothes and music become popular with the youth. – New Hotels filled with tourists show new emphasis on tourism industry.

Growing Pains • Unexpected Problems – As standards improved, the gap between poor and rich widened. – Communist Party officials began to cash in on their positions. – Students demand Democracy • 1989 students spark uprising that surprised China’s leaders. • 100, 000 Students occupied Tiananmen Square. Win popular support and call for Democracy • Deng declares martial law and orders Army to surround Square. Most students leave. 5000 remain • June 4 th 1989 Standoff comes to an end as Army ordered to storm square. Tanks and soldiers destroy square and hundreds die and thousands wounded. • Becomes known as Tiananmen Square Massacre

Assignment • Questions: – P. 873 #3 -5 – P. 991 #3 -4 – P. 1080 #3, 6