Chapters 16 17 7 northern

Chapters 16 & 17

7 northern provinces called themselves the United Provinces of the Netherlands after the revolt against Spain (officially recognized by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648). The House of Orange held the title of stadholder. In times of peace, burghers held political power William III of Orange attempted to consolidate power, but was not successful. A republican form of government was once again formed, following his death 17 th century considered a golden age for the Dutch due to wealth and power gained from sea trade Socially, there was a high standard of living and fairly equal distribution of wealth. They were tolerant in religious matters Amsterdam became the center of commerce. This was aided by the development of the Bank of Amsterdam and the Dutch East India Company Four 17 th century trade wars Anglo-Dutch Wars (ended with the Glorious Revolution), and wars with France to ensure a balance of power in Europe will lead to decline (1672 – “Year of Disaster”).

Golden Age Painters

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Dutch Republic portion generates predictable questions At LEAST ONE designed to see if you recognize Amsterdam as a popular commercial area in the 17 th Century Also, factors of Dutch Artwork Was protestant nation w/o absolute ruler-they were different from Rome and Madrid’s baroque art full of Catholic Church and ruling monarchs Merchants patronized Individual and everyday life Dutch Golden Age for painters in 1600’s

Frederick the Great Gustavus Adolphus William of Orange Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Painting of daily life Lack of Religious or Catholic Themes All of the above None of the above

Paris Amsterdam Ribe (original capital of Denmark) London

Philip I of Spain converts them to Catholicism and they join the Holy Roman Empire Religious Tolerance commerce from shipping and the Dutch East India Company increases economic power High standard of living and equal distribution of wealth

Eastern Europe

Not really an empire, very feudal and not in Rome 1356 – the “Golden Bull” ( a papal declaration) established the practice of allowing 7 German princes to elect the Emperor (they often chose a weak one) Some parts became Protestant Lost parts of Hungary to the Ottomans Was devastated by the Thirty Years’ War The empire was replaced by independent states in the region (over 300 by 1500) By the 18 th century, Austria and Prussia were gaining power

1519 – Charles V was elected emperor and tried to consolidate the area under Catholic rule The Lutheran reformation gave princes and cities a religious reason for rejecting his authority Peace of Augsburg signed by Charles V led to the Thirty Years War

German princes could choose to be Lutheran or Catholic Frederick III, ruler of the Palatinate, converted to Calvinism As an “elector”, this posed a problem. Also, several other princes followed his lead The Catholic counter-reformation added to the growing religious tension, as in some areas Protestantism are increasingly being wiped out

Leaves Holy Roman Empire divided into 300 independent states Elects an emperor who had no imperial army, revenues or central authority France emerges as a power house due to the decline of Holy Roman Empire’s power.

Prussia Hohenzollerns rule territory known as Brandenburg. Prussia Unification of northern Germans states started under the Hohenzollern dynasty (1415) 1640 - Foundation for the Prussian state was laid by Frederick William – the “Great Elector” – as a result of the 30 Years War Powerful, well-funded army through taxation Established the General War Commissariat to levy taxes Took government control from Junkers, but gave them positions in the government , absolute power over their peasants (now serfs) and exempted them from taxes Mercantile policies, including high tariffs Built roads and canals

Prussia at its peak Modern Day Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Denmark, Belgium, Czech Republic and Switzerland

Why was he so powerful again? Known as the Great Elector, FW began strengthening Hohenzollern power Built well-equipped army Army helps him become a major player in European Politics Demanded loyalty of Junkers, German Landowners; in exchange, Junckers received power over serfs

Frederick William I ( 1713 -1740 “Soldier King”) completed the dominance of the King over the Junkers, creating a rigid militaristic state known as the “Sparta of the North”. Army doubles to over 80, 000 men 13 th largest population of Europe 3 rd or 4 th largest army Officer class becomes Prussia’s most prestigious class.

Austria Made up of traditional Hapsburg hereditary lands Ferdinand III had consolidated power in the Germanspeaking Habsburg provinces Leopold I defeated the Ottoman siege at Vienna in 1683 halting Muslim expansion into Europe Treaty of Karlowitz gave Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia and Slovenia to Austria, creating a large, powerful Austrian Empire The War of Spanish Succession gave Austria the Spanish Netherlands and Spanish holdings in Italy

Austria Three distinct regions: hereditary provinces of the Habsburgs, Bohemia and Hungary Too many nationalities and religions (Hungary was defiantly Protestant, Bohemia and the “hereditary lands” were Catholic following the 30 Years’ War) These territories had their own estates-general, with the Austrian emperor as a symbolic figure-head. Landed aristocracy provided military officers and government bureaucrats, and little else The “Pragmatic Sanction” proclaimed by Charles VI stated that the Habsburg lands would always be under the control of a single ruler (could be female)

AP Test you to understand its purpose and recognize Frederick the Great (of Prussia) violates it later. Emperor Charles VI (Habsburg) (reigns 17111740) Dies thinking he guaranteed peace and integrity of his realm. Determined to ensure his daughter, Maria Theresa’s succession, drew up a document=Pragmatic Sanction Territories of Habsburg Empire remain unified under her Maria Theresa would inherit all Habsburg lands and the throne

Center of Orthodox Christianity (“Third Rome” after Rome itself and Constantinople) Russia overthrew the Mongols under Ivan the Terrible (“Czar”) who united and expanded Russia through the use of “Cossacks’. Ivan crushed the Boyars (landed aristocracy) “Time of Troubles” – period of civil war after the death of Ivan, came to an end with the appointment of Michael Romanov as czar by the feudal lords

Tsar (czar) – divinely ordained autocratic ruler Landed aristocrats (boyars) Merchants – heavily regulated by the czar Peasants – increasingly became bound to the land as serfs

Elected in 1613 (Romanov Dynasty ruled until 1917) Continued to consolidate lands at the expense of the serfs (now like slaves – recall the rise in demand for food) and spread eastward (Cossacks again)

PETER THE GREAT 1682 -1725 – westernized Russia Women forced to dress like Western European women, men shaved beards Built St. Petersburg (window to the west) in which engineers, artists, scientists et al were invited to westernize Russia Serfs turned slaves built St. Petersburg

Palaces Cities

Russia BEFORE Peter the Great Isolation Russia was geographically isolated. Sweden prevented Russia from reaching the Baltic Sea Ottoman Empire prevented Russia from reaching the Black Sea Russia was culturally isolated Renaissance ideas, Reformation and all Age of Exploration/Scientific Revolution discoveries scarcely affected Russia

The Romanov Dynasty (see your notes for this-slides 17 -19) Peter the Great (reigned 1789 -1825) Modernizing Russia Realized Russia was behind; visits Holland England; tours shipyards, examines new military equipment, and observes western customs Vows to build Russia into a great power; expands army and constructs new navy. Defeating Sweden Thirty Years’ War left Sweden in control of the Baltic’s entire eastern shore.

Defeating Sweden Thirty Years’ War left Sweden in control of the Baltic’s entire eastern shore. In 1700, Peter orders army to “end Sweden’s dominance”. Great Northern War begins. 17001721. Russia initially suffers defeats against Charles XII of Sweden, but wins the war and control over warm-water shores on Baltic sea. Defeat contributes to Sweden’s decline as major European power; Russia dominant in the Baltic Sea Building St. Petersburg

Building St. Petersburg Begins building in 1703. Named after his patron saint; would be “a great window for Russia to look out at Europe” St. Petersburg is THE symbol of Peter the Great’s new and more powerful Russia Controlling the Boyars Old nobility who supported traditional Russian culture Ordered them to shave and wear Western clothing; ALSO, had them build costly town houses in St. Petersburg. Required them to serve in either the military or government administration Exploiting the Serfs Did not benefit from Peter’s reforms; conscripted

Exploiting the Serfs Did not benefit from Peter’s reforms; conscripted (forcibly made to join)into Russia’s army Forced to build St. Petersburg In Europe, serfs are bound to the land; in Russia, serfs could be sold apart from the land. Enables serfs to be forced into service in mines and factories

Denmark Very Feudal –monarchs elected and shared power with the nobility Nobility exercised a lot of power over peasants Losses in the 30 Years War and war with Sweden led to a bloodless revolution, in which the power of the nobility was curtailed an absolutist constitution was instituted in 1665 Christian V from 1670 -1699 crafted a centralized administration with the nobility as part of the upper bureaucracy

Sweden 1611 - Gustavus Adolphus created a stable monarchy by granting the nobility positions in the bureaucracy and creating a formidable army Eventually Charles XI will assume throne and began to create a strong absolute monarchy Resumed control of crown lands and their revenues Improved the army and navy Weakened the power of the Riksdag and the church By 1693, he created a state that dominated Northern Europe By 1718, however, Charles XII had gone to war with Poland, Denmark and Russia, leading to Sweden’s decline

1569 – formal merger between Poland-Lithuania, although a marriage began the process in 1386 which began the Jagiello dynasty (largest Christian kingdom) Assemblies of nobles elected the kings and limited their power Nobles kept peasantry in a state of serfdom 1572 – Jagiello dynasty came to an end an outsider was chosen as king – Swede Sigismund III. The nobility continued to strengthen, and left Poland no more than a confederation of semiindependent estates It became a battleground foreign powers who found it easy to invade but difficult to manage

OTTOMANS Based in Anatolia after the fall of the Seljuk Turks by the Mongols Took over and renamed Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453 Within 100 years dominated the regions surrounding the Western Mediterranean (stopped short at Vienna)

Albania Algeria Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Chad Croatia Cyprus Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Georgia Greece Hungary Iran Iraq Israel Italy Jordan Kosovo Kuwait Lebanon Libya Niger Northern Cyprus Macedonia Mali

Predominantly Muslim, although religious toleration practiced Enslaved Christian boys (Janissaries) for the military (devshirme) Over time, persecution grew

SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT Built up the empire and the arts Took parts of Hungary, taking advantage of a weak Europe during the protestant reformation Stopped at Vienna, or the history of Europe would be vastly different Ottomans stayed in power until 1922 – greatly expanding Islam and kept Eastern Europe on it’s toes

Mughal Empire established in 1526 by Babur and dominated for 300 years Babur’s harsh tactics replaced by Akbar who was more religiously tolerant Abolished jizya Allowed Hindus in the government and military Eliminated sati Married a Hindu Golden age of art and architecture for the next 100 years

Taj Mahal built (at the expense of those who paid taxes) Religious toleration ended Jizya reinstated Hindu temples destroyed Hindus persecuted and begin to unite Europeans arrive in the 17 th century penetrating the periphery (coastal regions) of India

Ignored the European presence, which continued to penetrate into the interior of the subcontinent Mughals had to fight Hindu uprisings, which left them vulnerable to European encroachment Continued wars to expand were costly, never became “maritime”, allowing for European countries to control maritime trade

MING CHINA Defeated the Mongols (Yuan Dynasty) in 1368 Created a strong central government, reinstated Confucianism and civil service exams Sponsored grand voyages under Zheng He, but discontinued (ALMOST “maritime”) Conquered by the Qing in 1644 (Manchus)

QING DYNASTY Manchu rulers – governed until 1912 Maintained and ethnic elite Used civil service to employ Chinese Supported Confucianism, the arts and expanded the empire Had established trade with Europe, however in 1724, Christians banned, 1757 trade with Europe was limited to Canton Trade was still substantial – silver increased creating a new merchant class

During this era, European countries cannot penetrate into China and control the region as they had done in India, Southeast Asia and the Americas As Europe becomes more industrialized in the next era, that will change and China will not be able to hold off their intrusions any longer

Ruled until 1868 – instituted a rigid social class model caste in nature (warrior, farmer, artisan, merchant) AKA – Edo Period - capital moved to Edo (Tokyo) National Seclusion Policy –isolated Japan (those going in and out – only the Dutch – 1 ship a year - and Chinese could enter Nagasaki) Result – culture thrived (haiku and Kabuki), however Japan lags in technology

Similar to China, strong governments in Japan keep the Europeans at bay during this era However, Japan will isolate and industrialize in the next era, allowing them to compete with Europe militarily and economically, avoiding a takeover by European powers

Contrast • Mughal (and the Ottoman) Empire’s response to European Aggression • China and Japan’s response to European Aggression